Background concentrations of elements in surface soils and their changes as affected by agriculture use in the desert-oasis ecotone in the middle of Heihe River Basin,North-west China

The concentrations of twenty four chemical elements in the surface layer of natural desert soils and the cultivated farmland soils were measured at a desert-oasis ecotone in the middle of Heihe river basin, north-west China. Background values were estimated for (a) major elements (Si 335.3 g kg^− 1, Al 49.4 g kg^− 1, Fe 19.1 g kg^− 1, Ca 29.4 g kg^− 1, Mg 8.9 g kg^− 1, K 20.1 g kg^− 1, Na 17.5 g kg^− 1 and P 0.338 g kg^− 1), (b) heavy metals and non-metals (Cr 55.8 mg kg^− 1, Mn 404.8 mg kg^− 1, Ni 17.7 mg kg^− 1, Cu 5.1 mg kg^− 1, Zn 33.7 mg kg^− 1, Pb 15.5 mg kg^− 1 and As 5.2 mg kg^− 1) and (c) other trace elements (Ti 2.0 mg kg^− 1, V 55.3 mg kg^− 1, Co 5.7 mg kg^− 1, Rb 82.4 mg kg^− 1, Sr 232.9 mg kg^− 1, Y 14.7 mg kg^− 1, Zr 194.9 mg kg^− 1, Nb 7.8 mg kg^− 1 and Ba 720.6 mg kg^− 1). After natural desert soil was cultivated for agricultural use, significant changes in element concentrations occurred under tillage, irrigation and fertilisation management. Compared to natural soil, the for the levels of Si, K, Na, Sr, Zr and Ba decreased, and no changes were observed for Rb, while the values of the other 17 elements increase in agricultural soil from 1.2 to 3.5 times. However, their absolute concentrations are still low, suggesting that the arable soil in this region remains comparatively a clean soil. The increased silt, clay and organic carbon content, under long-term irrigation, enriched the fine-grained materials, and application of fertilisers and manure contributed to the accumulation of most elements in arable soil. The accumulation of elements in agricultural soil increased with increasing cultivation years and extent of soil development.     

退耕还林还草工程对中国北方农牧交错区土地利用/覆被变化的影响——以科尔沁左翼后旗为例

以北方农牧交错区-科尔沁左翼后旗为例,利用卫星遥感技术获取1980~2010年土地利用/覆被信息,通过统计模型重建土地利用/覆被及景观格局变化过程,综合评价二者动态及退耕还林还草等生态恢复工程的影响。研究区土地整体处于准平衡态势,各地类双向转换较频繁;耕地与草地的变化对区域土地利用/覆被及景观格局变化起支配作用;退耕还林还草等生态恢复工程逆转了天然植被(包括草地与林地)整体减少及耕地与未利用地增加的局面,使各景观破碎化程度有所缓解,这可能有利于生态环境的改善。     

北方农牧交错带少数民族语地名文化脆弱性评价体系构建与实证

北方农牧交错带濒危少数民族语地名规模不断增加,少数民族语地名文化脆弱性日益突出,可持续发展尤为堪忧。地名是由多要素构成的开放性文化系统。因此,如何从系统脆弱性角度将以往对濒危少数民族语地名的定性研究扩展至脆弱程度的定量研究具有一定的理论与现实意义。引入脆弱性研究范式,基于大量实地考察和文献梳理,从敏感性、暴露度及恢复力的视角识别北方农牧交错带少数民族语地名文化脆弱性影响因素,构建脆弱性评价体系,讨论评价尺度和评价方法,并针对典型案例地展开实证研究。结果表明：案例地少数民族语地名文化敏感性和暴露度突出,恢复力较弱,脆弱性较明显。其脆弱性受地名文化系统内损性和外部扰动性因素的共同影响。其中,地方居民对少数民族语地名语源语义的错误认知,较高的汉语普及率和汉译少数民族语地名社会认同度,以及少数民族语地名意译的非准确化是脆弱性形成的重要驱动因子。其次,汉译用字和译音的简化和非标准化,较高的地名合并、更改及弃用比,较少的地名文献储备量,以及少数民族语使用群体规模的大幅下降也是较为重要的单指标因素。     

内蒙古荒漠-草原过渡带灌木群落特征

荒漠-草原过渡带是草原逐渐被荒漠取代的区域.沿阿拉善左旗-乌拉特后旗调查灌木群落,分析植物群落的结构和物种多样性,以期为生物多样性保育提供理论依据.结果表明:该荒漠-草原过渡带有62种植物,隶属于18科、47属,禾本科、藜科、豆科和菊科的植物较多.植物主要由灌木和多年生草本构成,以旱生植物为主,主要包括红砂(Reaum...     

Mapping Ecotone Movements: Holocene Dynamics of the Forest Tension Zone in Central Lower Michigan,Usa

This paper presents a novel method for detecting and mapping movements of ecotone boundaries, over both time and space, using existing fossil pollen data. The method combines existing statistical techniques, including discriminant analysis and spatial interpolation, to generate statistically robust maps of ecotone boundaries over time. This method was applied to provide a comprehensive vegetative history of the forest tension zone in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan during the last 10,000 years. Pollen data for nine lakes in the Lower Peninsula were analyzed with discriminant analysis and spatially interpolated with inverse distance weighted to track ecotone movements of the forest tension zone. The forest tension zone has been in existence over the last 10,000 years and has been highly variable over space and time, with at least three major latitudinal shifts, spanning 320 km and 6° of latitude, as well as several less pronounced shifts. These shifts occurred primarily in response to millennial-scale oscillations in climate such as the warmer and dryer conditions associated with the mid-Holocene. A slighter shift was evident in association with the cooler and drier conditions of the Little Ice Age (600-100 cal yr BP). This research demonstrates the sensitivity of Great Lakes forest communities to Holocene climate change and suggests a similar sensitivity of future ecotone dynamics in response to modern global warming.     

农牧交错带农田土壤风蚀PM10释放特征

粉尘释放是风蚀造成危害的一个重要过程。以农牧交错带沙区和非沙区农田土壤为研究对象,利用室内风洞模拟实验,实时监测了风蚀过程中释放的PM₁₀,分析了PM₁₀的动态变化特征,以深入认识土壤风蚀粉尘释放机理。结果表明：非沙区农田土壤风蚀强度远低于沙区农田,与风速呈指数函数关系;非沙区农田的土壤粉尘释放在不同风速下均以气流直接抬升模式为主,平均PM₁₀通量与风速呈线性函数关系,最大PM₁₀通量与风速呈幂函数关系;沙区农田的土壤粉尘释放在风速增大到一定程度后呈气流直接抬升和砂粒跃移冲击复合模式,最大PM₁₀通量增加不明显,但平均PM₁₀通量明显高于非沙区农田;对于沙区和非沙区农田而言,平均PM₁₀通量与风蚀速率呈对数函数关系。     

荒漠-绿洲过渡带斑块植被区起沙风对风蚀积沙量的影响

以黑河中游荒漠-绿洲过渡带斑块植被区的风蚀积沙观测资料为基础,结合中国生态系统研究网络（CERN）临泽内陆河流域研究站的风况资料,应用地统计学方法对2012-2013年风蚀季（3-8月）的风蚀积沙过程进行分类,并分析起沙风对风蚀积沙量的影响。结果表明：（1）2012-2013年风蚀季风蚀积沙量的空间变异过程分为随机性变异过程（2012年4-7月）和结构性变异过程（2012年8月及2013年3-7月）。（2）在随机性变异过程中,风蚀积沙量与起沙风的风速,风向,风频率依次相关;在结构性变异过程中,风蚀积沙量与起沙风的风向,风速,风频率依次相关。③输沙势（DP）与风蚀积沙量的相关性大小为随机性变异过程>结构性变异过程;在随机性变异过程中,合成输沙势（RDP）与风蚀积沙量无明显相关关系（R²=0.0745）;而在结构性变异过程中,合成输沙势（RDP）与风蚀积沙量的相关系数较高（R²=0.9343）。④在随机性变异过程中,各月风蚀积沙量呈不规则的片状分布;在结构性变异过程中,各月积沙量呈明显的带状分布。     

Quantitative reconstruction of Holocene precipitation changes in southern Patagonia

Holocene variations in annual precipitation (P_ann) were reconstructed from pollen data from southern Argentinian Patagonia using a transfer function developed based on a weighted-averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) regression. The pollen–climate calibration model consisted of 112 surface soil samples and 59 pollen types from the main vegetation units, and modern precipitation values obtained from a global climate database. The performance (r² = 0.517; RMSEP = 126 mm) of the model was comparable or slightly lower than in other comparable pollen–climate models. Fossil pollen data were obtained from a sediment core from Cerro Frias site (50°24'S, 72°42'W) located at the forest-steppe ecotone. Reconstructed P_ann values of about 200 mm suggest dry conditions during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (12,500–10,500 cal yr BP). P_ann values were about 300–350 mm from 10,500 to 8000 cal yr BP and increased to 400–500 mm between 8000 and 1000 cal yr BP. An abrupt decrease in P_ann at about 1000 cal yr BP was associated with a Nothofagus decline. The reconstructed P_ann suggests a weakening and southward shift of the westerlies during the early Holocene and intensification, with no major latitudinal shifts, during the mid-Holocene at high latitudes in southern Patagonia.     

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of Wetland Soils from a Typical Aquatic–Terrestrial Ecotone in Haihe River Basin,North China

Surface soils were collected in the aquatic–terrestrial ecotone (ATE) of Yongnianwa wetland, downstream of Haihe River basin of North China in June of 2007. Samples were subjected to a total digestion technique before they were analyzed for total concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn to investigate their pollution levels in the ATE. The contamination index, integrated contamination index, geoaccumulation index, toxic units, and sum of toxic units were adopted to assess the heavy metal contamination levels and ecotoxicity, respectively. The results showed all the selected element concentrations in upland soils of the ecotone were relatively higher than those in the lowland soils. No Cr pollution was observed in all soil samples, but almost all samples were slightly polluted by Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn except for Site 1. The contamination indexes and geoaccumulation indexes consistently presented no contamination for Site 1 and slight contamination for other sites. The ΣTUs increased from lowland to upland, but the whole level of toxicity in this ecotone was relatively low.     

高山树线交错带的景观格局与生态过程

由于对气候变化的敏感性, 近年来高山树线交错带成为全球变化研究中的热点问题。高 山树线交错带所指示的是一个复杂生态系统的特征, 反映出了由低处植被向高山植被的转化, 其 景观格局是综合了种子定居, 树木生长以及树木繁殖等多个树木生态过程和特定高山环境下的 地理特征格局的适应结果。一方面, 树木通过自身生理生态学上的调整对高山极端环境进行适 应。一方面, 高山特定地理环境特征对树线的景观格局进行影响, 因而高山树线交错带成为研究 景观格局- 生态过程相互关系的一个重要载体。通过运用3S 技术, 可以将高山树线交错带研究中 的树线景观结构和生理生态过程结合在一起, 并验证在其景观格局形成过程中地理特征和人为 因子的相对重要性。