A thermal centroid or a mass centroid?

This study reveals the physical backgrounds of the geometric centroid and the thermal centroid of the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) and points out their differences. The geometric centroid (actually a very close approximation to the mass centroid) anomaly of the surface WPWP correlates more closely with the Niño-3 region sea surface temperature anomaly (Niño-3 SSTA, an important indicator of El Niño/La Niña events) than the surface thermal centroid. Taking the WPWP depth (or heat storage) into account, the “real” mass or thermal centroid of the WPWP might correlate better with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signals.     

20世纪40年代初以来中国大陆沿海主要海湾形态变化

受气候变化和人类活动的影响,中国海岸带正在经历各种剧烈的变化,海湾形态变化是其中的一个重要方面.基于地形图资料与遥感影像提取20世纪40年代初至2014年7个时相的中国大陆沿海主要海湾的空间信息,进而分析海湾岸线类型结构,开发利用程度和空间位置的变化特征,以及海湾面积,形状和重心分布的变化特征.结果表明,20世纪40年代初以来,中国大陆沿海主要海湾的形态变化显著且复杂,主要体现为:海湾岸线的结构变化显著,自然岸线的长度和比例急剧减少;海湾岸线的开发利用程度持续增强;海湾岸线普遍背陆向海运动;海湾面积普遍大幅萎缩;海湾形状总体趋向复杂但个体间的差异在缩小;海湾重心分布位置普遍背陆向海迁移;海湾变化具有显著的时空差异性等.总的来说,以围填海为主的人类活动是导致海湾发生上述变化特征的主要原因.通过研究,指出应该对中国的海湾进行功能定位划分和分类管理,通过强化以海湾为基本单元的管理,促进中国海岸带综合管理能力的提高和管理目标的实现.     

一种基于卫星遥感的临近预报方法

中尺度对流系统(MCS)是形成强对流天气的主要原因,云团在MCS生命周期中的分裂合并问题是临近预报的难点。为解决这一问题,本文提出了FCC方法,该方法使用质心位移和FY-2卫星数据预测多个对流单体的运动轨迹。多个案例分析证明,FCC算法在MCS的各个生命周期均能进行有效的预测,包括初生、成熟和消散阶段。此外,通过列联表方法验证了所提算法的有效性。     

Source Parameters of the Deadly M<Subscript>w</Subscript> 7.6 Kashmir Earthquake of 8 October, 2005

During the last six years, National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad has established a semi-permanent seismological network of 5–8 broadband seismographs and 10–20 accelerographs in the Kachchh seismic zone, Gujarat with a prime objective to monitor the continued aftershock activity of the 2001 M_w 7.7 Bhuj mainshock. The reliable and accurate broadband data for the 8 October M_w 7.6 2005 Kashmir earthquake and its aftershocks from this network as well as Hyderabad Geoscope station enabled us to estimate the group velocity dispersion characteristics and one-dimensional regional shear velocity structure of the Peninsular India. Firstly, we measure Rayleigh-and Love-wave group velocity dispersion curves in the period range of 8 to 35 sec and invert these curves to estimate the crustal and upper mantle structure below the western part of Peninsular India. Our best model suggests a two-layered crust: The upper crust is 13.8 km thick with a shear velocity (Vs) of 3.2 km/s; the corresponding values for the lower crust are 24.9 km and 3.7 km/sec. The shear velocity for the upper mantle is found to be 4.65 km/sec. Based on this structure, we perform a moment tensor (MT) inversion of the bandpass (0.05–0.02 Hz) filtered seismograms of the Kashmir earthquake. The best fit is obtained for a source located at a depth of 30 km, with a seismic moment, Mo, of 1.6 × 10²⁷ dyne-cm, and a focal mechanism with strike 19.5°, dip 42°, and rake 167°. The long-period magnitude (M_A ~ M_w) of this earthquake is estimated to be 7.31. An analysis of well-developed sPn and sSn regional crustal phases from the bandpassed (0.02–0.25 Hz) seismograms of this earthquake at four stations in Kachchh suggests a focal depth of 30.8 km.     

变动流域滞时方程

流域滞时是流域汇流计算和预报中的一个重要因素。本文尝试将流域滞时表示成流域重心长度Lca(流域重心到流域出口断面的河道长度)与汇流速度v之比的函数,从而使流域滞时随汇流速度的不同而不同,而不再是一个常数。长度Lca反映了流域尺度和几何形态对滞时的影响,而汇流速度则反映流域动力条件对滞时的作用。5个小流域的实测资料检验表明结果较为满意。     

一种近区地表地物重力改正的方法

利用重力等值原理,求物体质心的方法,针对高精度重力测量中常见的地表地形、地物的重力异常影响,提出了一种近区地表地物的改正方法。     

2013年7月1日河北宁晋极端短时强降水成因研究

2013年7月1日午后至夜间,华北出现一次区域性暴雨和局地大暴雨过程。局地极端降水出现在河北省邢台市宁晋县四芝兰镇,过程雨量409 mm,其中当日17—19时连续2 h雨量超过100 mm。利用常规高空和地面观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和石家庄新一代天气雷达资料,探讨了宁晋极端短时强降水的形成原因。主要结论是:(1)低槽、冷锋、副热带高压及其外围低涡切变线为其主要影响系统,海南附近台风远距离影响加强了水汽自南向北的输送,半定常的地面辐合切变线对新生对流的触发和已有对流的维持及加强起到重要作用;(2)宁晋最强降水期间,其上空具有较强的垂直风切变,有利于高度组织化的对流系统发展;(3)对流系统的后向传播使回波主体移动缓慢、持续时间长,而回波强度大和雨强很强,则导致四芝兰镇极端强降水,此外,具有弱中气旋的超级单体相对较长时间的影响使其对四芝兰镇强降水具有重要贡献;(4)产生极端降水的对流系统属于高质心发展强烈的大陆强对流型,而非更易导致强降水的低质心系统。同时,针对众多学者研究北京"7.21"特大暴雨得到的一些结论进行了进一步探讨和验证。     

A High-accuracy, Small Field of View Star Guider with Application to SNAP

To accomplish its mission, the spaceborne observatory SNAP (SuperNova Acceleration Probe) requires a pointing stability of <0.03 arcseconds during exposures lasting up to 500 sec. A Monte Carlo simulation of the photoelectron statistics from the guiding star investigates geometrical (such as the pixel size of the detector or the plate scale) and physical parameters (such as the magnitude of the star). It is shown that simple centroiding calculations can lead to the desired accuracy with guide stars as faint as magnitude 16. Availability of these stars is verified thanks to the HST Guide Star Catalog complemented with a statistical model of the distribution of stars. Thus a through-the-lens sensor that uses stars as faint as magnitude 16 to provide the necessary guiding signals is feasible. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

星点亚像元细分定位精度分析

星点的精确定位为后续的导航解算提供数据支撑。基于高斯分布原理进行星点模拟,为星点定位提供图像数据。分别介绍了质心法和高斯曲面拟合法的亚像元细分定位原理,并研究系统误差、随机噪声、分割阈值、星等和星点坐标分布5个因素对星点定位精度的影响,分析两种方法的异同点。对模拟的星点进行定位分析发现,星点距离参考点越远定位误差越大,定位精度随噪声增大而降低。实验表明,相比高斯曲面拟合方法,质心法具有更好的实用性,其定位精度对星点的像元信息依赖性较小。     

矩谱法求磁性体质心的若干问题

B K Bhattachryya(1975)推导的求磁性体质心的矩谱公式理论严谨,计算速度快,并且有不需要预先知道磁性体磁化率的特点。在该公式的基础上,本文对求质心的各种影响因素作了细致讨论,推导出了提高求解质心精度的改正公式。