温度和水流对八斑唇腕水母生长发育的影响

在不同温度和水流条件下,作者分别对八斑唇腕水母(Rathkea octopunctata)伞径、伞高、出芽率和存活时间等生长发育情况展开研究,以期为其人工饲养和科普展示奠定基础。近海9.5℃～14℃采集的八斑唇腕水母暂养1 d后,置于不同水流(静止的1 L烧杯和气泡带动水流的13 L水浴缸)和不同温度(10℃、15℃、20℃和22℃)交叉条件下人工饲养。结果显示, 77 cm/s的水流条件下, 10℃组水母存活时间最长。伞径、伞高与饲养时间呈负相关。温度越高,水母存活时间越短。温度能促进生殖腺快速成熟,但是10℃水母能持续性出芽。水流能保持水母活力,延长存活时间。研究表明,八斑唇腕水母可以通过水螅体横裂生殖和性腺出芽生殖两种方式繁育水母体。因为其个体较小,科技馆可采用低温水浴缸进行培养和长期展示,并对其特殊的出芽生殖方式进行科普讲解。     

The Bryozoan Rhynchozoon larreyi (Audouin, 1826)–A Successful Competitor in Coral Reef Communities of the Red Sea

Abstract. Rhynchozoon larreyi (A udouin , 1826) is a successful competitor for space in sessile reef communities at Port Sudan and Eilat (Red Sea). At these localities it has always been found in association with Zanclea sp. The relationship between the two species is regarded as mutualistic. The hydroid benefits through association with a successful spatial competitor; the bryozoan gains advantage through protection of its surface from predation and fouling. Morphological modification of the bryozoan colony in response to this association leads to a highly organized reticulate surface pattern, which provides both symbionts with access to feeding currents.     

Temperature effects on asexual reproduction of the scyphozoan Aurelia aurita s.l.: differences between exotic (Baltic and Red seas) and native (Mediterranean Sea) populations

Massive occurrences of jellyfish can cause direct impacts on the economy, especially on tourism and commercial fisheries. Translocation of jellyfish species by humans has caused damaging blooms in new habitats. Aurelia aurita s.l. has been introduced in many locations around the world. To test the potential success of Au. aurita s.l. in various habitats, scyphistomae from different climatic locations (Mediterranean, Red and Baltic Seas) were cultured individually for 201 days at three temperatures (14, 21 and 28 °C) with the same salinity, food and light. We tested the null hypotheses that there were no differences in survival or asexual reproduction (budding and strobilation) amongst populations [native (Mediterranean) and exotic (Red and Baltic)]. Survival of the three scyphistoma populations did not differ significantly across temperatures; however, the Red Sea group had lower survival at all temperatures than did the other populations. Most individuals strobilated at 14 °C. Red Sea scyphistomae strobilated more quickly than Baltic and Mediterranean Sea scyphistomae and produced the fewest ephyrae, whereas Baltic Sea scyphistomae produced the most. Our results indicate that Au. aurita from the Baltic or Red Seas introduced into the Northwest Mediterranean Sea would potentially persist and successfully asexually reproduce there. A new invader could even have greater asexual production than the local Au. aurita s.l. Establishment of the invaders could increase genetic variation of subsequent generations and increase their adaptability to environmental changes. Our results suggest that introduction of exotic Au. aurita s.l. populations could increase jellyfish blooms in the Mediterranean Sea.     

近50年北京树木物候对气候变化的响应

采用统计学方法探讨了北京地区1963~1988年间20种树木芽萌动期及1950~2000年间4种树木开花期的变化及其对气温变化的响应情况。结果表明,北京树木芽萌动的早晚主要受冬季气温的影响,冬季及秋末气温的升高使春芽萌动有提前的效应。萌芽早的树木萌动期长,萌芽晚的树木萌动期短,前者对温度的变化反应更敏感,且前者的萌动期长度随着萌动期间(主要在早春)气温的升高而缩短,后者的萌动期长度随着初冬、秋末平均最低气温的升高而延长。始花前2~9旬,特别是前5旬(主要是3~4两个月),气温对始花期影响最显著,该时段内始花期对气温的变化反应最敏感。北京春温升高开花期提前,春温每升高1℃,开花期平均提前3·6天。春季树木开花物候与春季气温的年际、年代间的波动基本对应,但波动幅度不一致。