Linked to Landscape: Assessing Urbanization in Germany through Landscape and Economic Factors

The ongoing encroachment of urban land into natural landscapes has resulted in the degradation of ecosystems throughout Europe. Understanding why the share of urban land has increased is important for managing urban growth and maintaining ecosystem services. We estimate a model of landscape change that integrates geospatial and socioeconomic data in a spatial autoregressive model to explain the variance in urban growth observed in Germany between 2000 and 2006. In doing so, we test several determinants of urbanization identified by theoretical frameworks from landscape ecology and economics, including landscape pattern and transit infrastructure. The results show that despite planning guidelines and policies to promote dense development, urban growth has been extensive. Regions with a high degree of fragmented land and the prevalence of environmental amenities are characterized by particularly strong growth, pointing to challenges in crafting landscape policies that balance economic development with environmental conservation.     

Auckland and the creative industries: the spatial distribution of the design subsector

Auckland is New Zealand’s largest city with the largest concentration of creative sector employment and businesses in the country. This paper examines the spatial distribution of firms in the design creative subsector across the Auckland Region and in inner Auckland and ascertains the key determinants of firm location. The macrolevel findings indicate that the architectural and specialized design firms have similar spatial distribution patterns across the Auckland Region, while the advertising subsector demonstrates an extreme tendency toward spatial concentration only in inner Auckland. All three subsectors have a strong propensity to clustering within inner Auckland; however, one CBD (Central Business District) fringe area, Parnell outperforms the rest. The microlevel findings reveal hybridized creative clusters of uneven density. Parnell’s unique brand and place-specific characteristics were the key determinants of firm location which led to the spontaneous collocation of firms. These location decisions had the unintended consequence of creating agglomeration economies.     

设计创意人才的空间集聚及其影响机理研究——基于城市舒适性视角

从城市舒适性理论出发,系统梳理了创意人才及其空间集聚过程的相关文献,构建了驱动中国设计创意人才空间集聚的城市舒适性指标体系,通过大数据方法从国内设计师社交平台站酷网获取设计创意人才的属性数据,运用地理集中指数、区位熵、负二项回归方法,深入剖析了中国设计创意人才的空间集聚特征与机理。研究表明：① 中国设计创意人才及其创作在空间上呈现出显著的集聚现象,以北京为主的一线城市最为集中,但杭州、长沙、武汉、郑州这些新兴城市也表现良好,甚至超过部分一线城市;② 城市舒适性理论在解释中国设计创意人才空间集聚时具有很强的解释力,其中文化环境、教育环境和自然环境是影响设计创意人才空间集聚的核心因素;③ 证实了西方创意阶层理论的部分结论,发现文化基础设施、文化遗产、文化旅游、高素质人力资本、温暖的气候与良好的空气质量是提升城市对创意人才吸引力的重要因子,同时发现科研投入对设计创意人才集聚具有明显挤出效应,并且西方学者普遍强调的生活环境舒适性因子对设计创意人才影响有限。为深入理解创意人才的空间过程及其影响机理提供了详实的实证案例,为地方政府改善城市创意环境提供了参考依据。     

中国城市舒适物评价指标体系构建与实证

随着城市经济向新知识经济转型,舒适物被认为是影响高端人才移入和城市经济增长的最重要因素。在西方研究基础上,基于中国国情,探索性地构建了中国舒适物系统的综合指标体系,其中包括自然、文化、商业、交通、卫生和社会等6个一级指标以及34个二级指标。结合中国26个主要人口聚居城市的舒适物指标数据,对不同城市的舒适物综合指数水平进行测评;同时对测评结果的差异进行了解释分析。研究发现：① 城市舒适物综合水平呈现出比较大的差距,北上广深等大城市明显高于中西部城市;进一步聚类分析表明,中国大城市的舒适物水平既存在差异,也存在舒适物发展上的共同特征;② 与西方城市人口普遍重视自然舒适物相反,商业舒适物和交通便利程度是影响中国城市舒适物总体水平的最重要因素,卫生服务设施、文化舒适物、商业舒适物与城市吸引力和宜居程度总体评价的相关性最高,这说明中国目前的经济增长模式仍以物质消费为主,而人才流动主要看重舒适物中的文化和消费设施发达程度、卫生医疗水平和交通便利程度,对自然舒适物和社会舒适物等“软”环境的重视不如西方国家;③ 中国城市舒适物结构呈现出比较复杂的状态,表现为发展不均衡的结构类型。城市舒适物评价指标体系构建紧扣舒适物概念和内涵,具有操作性和延伸性,一方面根据评价结果可以判断中国大城市舒适物水平的优劣与结构特征,另一方面评价结果可用于进一步分析其与城市经济、人才、企业等变量的关系,从而完善中国转型期城市发展和增长理论。     

中国流动人才居留意愿和时长的空间分布及影响因素

基于2017年流动人口动态监测数据,引入时间的新维度,采用空间自相关等方法,在城市尺度上刻画流动人才居留状况的空间分布格局;采用多项Logistic回归,分析流动人才居留意愿和实际居留时长的影响因素。结果发现：(1)流动人才居留意愿与实际居留时长的空间分布格局均呈现南北差异。(2)流动人才的居留意愿和实际居留时长差异明显,大量人才虽然在流入地短期居留,但多有长期居留意愿。(3)随着人才主观居留意愿和客观居留时长增加,舒适物对人才居留的影响在增加。(4)影响流动人才长期居留意愿和实际长期居留的主要因素存在较大差异,流动人才长期居留意愿更大程度上受人才自身特征影响,而实际长期居留更大程度上受流入地因素影响。     

Equity in the distribution of urban environmental amenities: the case of Washington,D.C.

This study examines equity issues in access to urban environmental amenities using Washington, D.C. as a case study. The amenities that are the focus of this study, urban trees and urban parks, have a range of social and health benefits for city dwellers, and Washington, D.C. is a major city with a large, diverse population and long-standing geographic divisions by race and class. Using spatial regression techniques, the study examines disparities in access to these amenities by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status at citywide and sub-city scales. Mixed evidence is found for disparities in access across amenities and across scales. The results emphasize the need for studies of access to urban environmental amenities to pay closer attention to the differences between amenities and to issues of scale.     

深圳市轨道交通与休闲设施布局的空间协同评估

轨道交通已经成为塑造城市空间结构、组织公共生活的重要手段。在追求线网效率与形态等技术目标的基础上,轨道交通线网布局也越发有必要引入协同性、公平性等理念,寻求轨道交通与城市其他系统在空间上的协同发展,促进公共服务设施依托轨道交通实现公平共享。文章以深圳为案例,采用改进的两步移动搜索法,建构了休闲设施轨道交通可达性模型;按照深圳市轨道交通建设二期（至2011年）、三期第一阶段（至2016年）及三期第二阶段（至2020年）来划分,使用空间可视化、洛伦兹曲线等方法,评估了上述3个不同时段下轨道交通网络与休闲服务设施的耦合关系,比较了轨道交通网络对于休闲服务设施服务人口和空间覆盖面等层面的差异性。研究表明：深圳市轨道交通建设持续提升了城市核心区域休闲设施的轨道交通可达性,外围地区休闲设施轨道交通可达性则经历了先减后增的变化过程。轨道交通建设对于休闲服务设施有显著的空间效应及人口效应,深圳轨道交通可达性前50%的社区约占全市总面积的25%并覆盖全市总人口的40%。研究认为,深圳市乃至其他城市的轨道交通布局应更注重与休闲设施及人口的空间分布进行匹配,重点关注新兴人口增长的区域以及休闲设施资源充裕的区域,促进轨道交通与休闲服务设施协同布局。     

The Growth of Ranchettes in La Plata County,Colorado, 1988–2008

Ranchettes are low-density, rural parcels typically from thirty-five to seventy acres that have proliferated across the Rocky Mountain West. They consume large amounts of land and increase fragmentation, leading to potentially negative impacts on the ecology and cultural identity of local places. Although many anecdotal accounts decry the rise in ranchettes, few studies measure their prevalence or spatial patterns. We use archival and contemporary land ownership data to measure ranchette development in La Plata County, Colorado, an amenity-rich county popular for recreation, retirement, and ranchettes. Results show continual yet slowing growth across the decades with patterns of growth spreading in a contagious effect around initial nodes of development.     

Spatial Patterns of Migration and Income Change in the Mountain West: The Dominance of Service-Based,Amenity-Rich Counties

One of the most recognizable and important changes occurring in the West is rapid population growth. This article intends to address questions associated with whether patterns of population growth and income migration are associated with “new” and “old” West economies. Rural restructuring in the U.S. has created a group of counties with service-based economies. In the Mountain West, a number of counties with service-based economies are located in areas with high levels of environmental or natural amenities, creating what has been termed the “New West.” Migration to the rural parts of the Mountain West, and the income transfers associated with migration, are increasingly concentrated within these New West counties. Rapid population growth, the changing characteristics of in-migrants, and their spatial concentration in New West counties provide a basis for conflicts over what the rural West is becoming.     

Burgess and Hoyt in Los Angeles: testing the Chicago models in an automotive-age American city

For much of the twentieth century, the “Chicago models” proposed by E. W. Burgess in the 1920s, Homer Hoyt in the 1930s, and Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945 dominated discussions of the spatial form of cities in the United States. The changes that have subsequently occurred in American urban geography naturally raise questions about the continuing relevance of the models. In recent years, a “Los Angeles School” in geography and urban studies has dismissed the Chicago models as outdated. But the critics have provided little empirical evidence in support of their claims. Identifying exogenous amenities—those of distance from the city center, terrain, and waterfronts—as central elements in the Chicago models, we analyzed the relation of these factors to the patterns of income in Los Angeles and Chicago using spatial statistical regression. The newer, automobile-age city closely follows, while the older city of Chicago deviates substantially from, the patterns predicted in the classical Chicago models. These models may best describe the most recently built American cities and may be more relevant than ever today in explaining the dynamics of urban form.