Dust supply from river floodplains: the case of the lower Huang He (Yellow River) recorded in a loess–palaeosol sequence from the Mangshan Plateau

The Mangshan Plateau is located on the south bank of the Huang He (Yellow River) just west of the city of Zhengzhou, well outside the Loess Plateau in central China. Mixing models of the grain‐size data indicate that the loess deposits are mixtures of three loess components. Comparison of the mixing model with existing models established for a series of loess–palaeosol sequences from the Loess Plateau indicates that the Mangshan loess has been supplied from a proximal dust source, the Huang He floodplain, during major dust outbreaks. The high accumulation rates, the composition of the loess components, and especially the high proportions of a sandy loess component support this. Owing to the exceptionally high accumulation rates, the Mangshan grain size, magnetic susceptibility and carbonate records provide a high‐resolution archive of environmental and climate change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

苏里格气田盒8气藏气水层测井识别研究

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田盒8气藏为弹性驱动的河流相低效气藏,储层非均质性强,在开发中普遍见水。根据试采情况将气藏储层分为气层、水层、气水层三类,开展气、水层的测井识别研究。以区内26口井50个射孔层段各层的试油结果作为依据,选出了700个样本点作为判识建模的标本,以声波时差和中子孔隙度等8个原始测井值作为判识变量组合,采用模糊判别分析,建立了各层的判识模型。回判结果表明,模型对气层精度达到97％,水层为89％,气水层为94％。利用未参加建模的出水井射孔段对模型进行验证,判识结果基本符合实际情况,模型具有较高精度。     

Fluid sources for the La Guitarra epithermal deposit (Temascaltepec district, Mexico): Volatile and helium isotope analyses in fluid inclusions

The La Guitarra deposit (Temascaltepec district, South-Central Mexico), belongs to the low/intermediate sulfidation epithermal type, has a polymetallic character although it is currently being mined for Ag and Au. The mineralization shows a polyphasic character and formed through several stages and sub-stages (named I, IIA, IIB, IIC, IID, and III). The previous structural, mineralogical, fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies were used to constrain the selection of samples for volatile and helium isotope analyses portrayed in this study. The N₂/Ar overall range obtained from analytical runs on fluid inclusion volatiles, by means of Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (QMS), is 0 to 2526, and it ranges 0 to 2526 for stage I, 0 to 1264 for stage IIA, 0 to 1369 for stage IIB, 11 to 2401 for stage IIC, 19 to 324 for stage IID, and 0 to 2526 for stage III. These values, combined with the CO₂/CH₄ ratios, and N₂-He-Ar and N₂-CH₄-Ar relationships, suggest the occurrence of fluids from magmatic, crustal, and shallow meteoric sources in the forming epithermal vein deposit. The helium isotope analyses, obtained by means of Noble Gas Mass Spectrometry, display R/Ra average values between 0.5 and 2, pointing to the occurrence of mantle-derived helium that was relatively diluted or “contaminated” by crustal helium. These volatile analyses, when correlated with the stable isotope data from previous works and He isotope data, show the same distribution of data concerning sources for mineralizing fluids, especially those corresponding to magmatic and crustal sources. Thus, the overall geochemical data from mineralizing fluids are revealed as intrinsically consistent when compared to each other.The three main sources for mineralizing fluids (magmatic, and both deep and shallow meteoric fluids) are accountable at any scale, from stages of mineralization down to specific mineral associations. The volatile and helium isotope data obtained in this paper suggest that the precious metal-bearing mineral associations formed after hydrothermal pulses of predominantly oxidized magmatic fluids, and thus it is likely that precious metals were carried by fluids with such origin. Minerals from base-metal sulfide associations record both crustal and magmatic sources for mineralizing fluids, thus suggesting that base metals could be derived from deep leaching of crustal rocks. At the La Guitarra epithermal deposit there is no evidence for an evolution of mineralizing fluids towards any dominant source. Rather than that, volatile analyses in fluid inclusions suggest that this deposit formed as a pulsing hydrothermal system where each pulse or set of pulses accounts for different compositions of mineralizing fluids.The positive correlation between the relative content of magmatic fluids (high N₂/Ar ratios) and H₂S suggests that the necessary sulfur to carry mostly gold as bisulfide complexes came essentially from magmatic sources. Chlorine necessary to carry silver and base metals was found to be abundant in inclusion fluids and although there is no evidence about its source, it is plausible that it may come from magmatic sources as well.     

中国若干固体矿床He、Ar同位素研究

本文以成矿阶段放物中的汉体包裹体为测定对象，研究了哀牢山金矿带内3个金矿床、马厂箐斑岩铜矿床、金顶铅-锌矿床和白云鄂博稀土-铌-铁矿床的He、Ar同位素组成。结果表明，He、Ar同位素对揭示成矿古流体的成因，具有灵敏感的示踪作用。     

湘中龙山大型金锑矿床成矿时代研究——黄铁矿Re-Os和锆石U-Th/He定年

龙山金锑矿床是湘中锑-金矿集区最重要的矿床之一,因缺少适合传统放射性同位素定年的矿物,其成矿时代以往未得到很好的限定,制约了对矿床成因的认识。由于分析测试技术的进步,Re-Os同位素定年技术得到了发展,可对热液矿床中形成的低Re、Os含量的硫化物进行较准确可靠的年龄测定,从而可为低温热液矿床的形成时代提供有效制约。锆石U-Th/He同位素定年,也是近年发展和成熟起来的定年技术,对低温热事件极其敏感,同样是约束低温成矿年龄的重要手段之一。本文采用矿床中黄铁矿Re-Os同位素和蚀变围岩中受成矿热事件影响的锆石U-Th/He同位素定年技术,对龙山金锑矿床的成矿时代进行了研究。定年结果显示:热液成因黄铁矿的Re-Os等时线年龄为195±36Ma,对应于印支晚期;锆石U-Th/He年龄为51.2~133.3Ma,经Ft校正后,U-Th/He年龄分布于93.78~258.29Ma之间,平均值为160.7±7.3Ma,对应于燕山早期。该矿床可能发生了200Ma和160Ma的两次成矿作用;或者矿床形成于200Ma左右,但是受到了160Ma左右岩浆热事件的改造,黄铁矿Re-Os年龄代表成矿年龄,而锆石U-Th/He年龄则代表第二期热事件发生的时间。无论是200Ma左右一次成矿,还是另有160Ma左右的成矿作用叠加,这两个年龄分别与区内两期岩浆活动的时间相当,这表明岩浆事件对驱动矿床的形成发挥了重要的作用。     

An Alternative Protocol for Single Zircon Dissolution with Application to (U‐Th‐Sm)/He Thermochronometry

Zircon (U‐Th‐Sm)/He (ZHe) thermochronometry is a powerful tool that has been widely used in geology to constrain the exhumation histories of orogens. In this study, we present an alternative protocol for dissolving zircon grains for determination of parent nuclides. This new alkali fusion procedure developed at the SARM (Service d'Analyse des Roches et des Minéraux) in Nancy, France, is fast (requiring only 2 d, including cleaning steps) and offers several advantages over conventional methods by avoiding: (i) use of HF pressure dissolution and (ii) complete removing of grains from the metal microvials. After dissolution, U, Th and Sm were measured using an ICP‐MS. We tested the new procedure on two different ZHe reference materials, the Fish Canyon Tuff and Buluk Tuff; these provided precision values for ZHe‐age estimations of 9 and 6% (1s), respectively. In addition, using this method, zircons from the Buluk Tuff are shown to be chemically more homogenous and more suitable for assessing the uncertainty of the entire integrated procedure.     

Burial and exhumation of the Hoh Xil Basin,northern Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from detrital (U-Th)/He ages

The uplift and associated exhumation of the Tibetan Plateau has been widely considered a key control of Cenozoic global cooling. The south-central parts of this plateau experienced rapid exhumation during the Cretaceous–Palaeocene periods. When and how the northern part was exhumed, however, remains controversial. The Hoh Xil Basin (HXB) is the largest late Cretaceous–Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the northern part, and it preserves the archives of the exhumation history. We present detrital apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He data from late Cretaceous–Cenozoic sedimentary rocks of the western and eastern HXB. These data, combined with regional geological constraints and interpreted with inverse and forward model of sediment deposition and burial reheating, suggest that the occurrence of ca. 4–2.7 km and ca. 4–2.3 km of vertical exhumation initiated at ca. 30–25 Ma and 40–35 Ma in the eastern and western HXB respectively. The initial differential exhumation of the eastern HXB and the western HXB might be controlled by the oblique subduction of the Qaidam block beneath the HXB. The initial exhumation timing in the northern Tibetan Plateau is younger than that in the south-central parts. This reveals an episodic exhumation of the Tibetan Plateau compared to models of synchronous Miocene exhumation of the entire plateau and the early Eocene exhumation of the northern Tibetan Plateau shortly after the India–Asia collision. One possible mechanism to account for outward growth is crustal shortening. A simple model of uplift and exhumation would predict a maximum of 0.8 km of surface uplift after upper crustal shortening during 30–27 Ma, which is insufficient to explain the high elevations currently observed. One way to increase elevation without changing exhumation rates and to decouple uplift from upper crustal shortening is through the combined effects of continental subduction, mantle lithosphere removal and magmatic inflation.     

(U-Th)/He年代学及其地质应用

U Th He年代学是近十余年来发展起来的一种新的高精度低温热年代学定年技术。本文在简单介绍这一技术的基本原理、实验室测试方法的基础上 ,介绍了这一方法在古地形演变、造山带抬升剥露时代和速率及年轻样品高精度年龄等方面的几个研究实例。     

Radiogenic isotopes in fluid inclusions

Radiogenic isotopes studied in fluid inclusions are still a limited field, with great potential for expansion as analytical techniques improve. The main limitation for Sr, Ar and He isotope work is the very small number of radiogenic atoms produced in a typical fluid inclusion. The requirements to analysts are correspondingly high. Examples show that isotopic tracing on fluid inclusion fluids can be a decisive tool in solving geological problems.     

Study of the characteristics of earthquake precursory anomalies of He and H2 Beijing No. 2 Cotton Mill well and their relation with earthquakes

This paper systematically summarized the relation of the abnormal change of He and H₂ dissolved gasses in deep hot-water well at Beijing No. 2 Cotton Mill and their relation with seismicity of the region. An empirical formula for the relation of the precursory anomaly of He and H₂ gasses with the magnitude and occurrence time of earthquake has been derived. Two events of magnitude greater than 5 in North China had been successfully predicted by using this formula. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 490–497, 1993.