罗布泊东阿奇克谷地雅丹地貌与库姆塔格沙漠形成的关系

阿奇克谷地位于罗布泊洼地之东, 93°E以西, 东西长约150km, 南北宽20~30km。为新生代北山与阿尔金山之间的地堑凹地的一部分, 与东面河西走廊的地堑凹地相通。根据出露的雅丹地层河湖相沉积样品所作的ESR测年(2272~10094kaBP)和本区的地质地貌特征可将阿奇克谷地演化与库姆塔格沙漠的发育史归纳为4个时期。①早更新世至中更新世罗布泊古湖扩大时期, 东部湖湾宽约50~60km, 向东延伸至93°15′E或更东; ②中更新世晚期山地上升与古湖湾退缩消失时期, 距今30万年前左右, 青藏高原强烈隆升, 阻挡了海洋水汽的进入, 亚洲内陆加速变干, 由于阿尔金山的左旋向东滑动, 在北面古湖区地层发生了与阿尔山斜交的羽毛状断裂谷群, 并因东北向的断裂上升与东西向的河西地堑谷地斜交, 阻断了疏勒河水不再向西流入罗布泊, 使东部湖湾向西退缩并逐步消失; ③中更新世晚期至晚更新世初, 暴雨径流与强烈的风蚀作用时期, 阿奇克谷地北部的洪积湖相沉积台地支沟口形成雅丹土丘群, 谷地南面库姆塔格沙漠北面羽毛状断裂谷群形成雅丹垄脊和风蚀谷, 谷地中央呈现出季节性的盐碱沼泽和零星雅丹土丘; ④晚更新世末至全新世库姆塔格沙漠扩大, 向北埋没了羽毛状断裂谷(风蚀谷)和雅丹垄脊, 形成了世界上独特的羽毛状沙丘。     

中国雅丹地貌申报世界自然遗产的可行性研究

中国干旱区分布的大面积典型雅丹地貌具备申报世界自然遗产的条件,但是中国雅丹地貌的“申遗”工作长期以来被忽视。依据《世界遗产公约操作指南》中的相关标准,分析了中国雅丹地貌的世界自然遗产价值,论证了中国雅丹地貌申报世界自然遗产的条件,讨论了中国雅丹地貌申报世界自然遗产的重要意义,并建议有关部门尽快开展中国雅丹地貌“申遗”工作,使中国雅丹地貌尽早被世界遗产委员会列入《世界遗产名录》。     

罗布泊地区雅丹形态特征及演化过程

雅丹地貌因其多样形态类型长期以来吸引人们的关注,对其形态特征描述也成为研究热点。作为雅丹地貌形态最早命名地,罗布泊地区雅丹因其形态的独特性和复杂性闻名,然而对该地区雅丹形态特征和发育演化过程的深入研究较为缺乏。本文结合野外实测数据和UAV（小型无人机）所摄地景影像,采用地形数字化方法提取地貌原始数据,选定形态参数后识别测量得到雅丹形态参数数据,基于以上数据和前人研究成果尝试描述罗布泊地区雅丹形态特征并对该地区雅丹演化过程进行讨论。主要结论有：① 罗布泊地区雅丹长度集中分布在20 m以下,少有长度> 160 m,宽度集中分布在8 m以下,高度多2 m以下,表明区内雅丹个体规模总体较小,低矮雅丹在数量上占绝对优势;雅丹长宽比值呈现连续增加的变化过程,伴随高度的增加长宽比值迅速增大,由2∶1逐步增大到4∶1,并持续升至10∶1以上,走向分布集中于22.5°~67.5°,与主风向相类似,雅丹个体平面形态呈现连续变化过程;雅丹的相邻雅丹数值集中分布在3~4个,平均顶间距分布在< 20 m和40~80 m区间,显示罗布泊地区雅丹空间特征的多样性。在个体雅丹形态以外,初成雅丹和雅丹共基座现象是罗布泊地区主要存在的2种复杂化雅丹形态表现。② 罗布泊地区雅丹理想演化模式经历初成期、青年期、成熟期和衰亡期4个阶段,由于存在地层岩性、风力剥蚀、流水作用等控制因素影响,造就了类型复杂、变化多样的罗布泊地区雅丹形态现状。③ 罗布泊地区雅丹发育具有多期性,第四纪以来主要存在晚更新世、早全新世、晚全新世和小冰期等4个发育期,结合形态特征和环境演化情况推测龙城和白龙堆雅丹形成于晚更新世,楼兰北部高大雅丹形成于早全新世,楼兰中北部雅丹多数形成于晚全新世,而楼兰地区的低矮雅丹形成于小冰期;依据地层年代和雅丹高度数据,计算得到0.5 ka B.P.后楼兰遗址附近平均风蚀速率为6.2 mm a^-1。精确描述罗布泊地区雅丹形态特征并探讨其演化过程,对于了解雅丹形态控制因素影响程度,深入分析区域风蚀过程具有重要意义。     

罗布泊雅丹地貌旅游资源评价与开发研究

本文对罗布泊雅丹地貌旅游进行资源评价与开发研究,分析了罗布泊雅丹地貌旅游资源的特征,并对区内各雅丹地貌景观异同进行了对比,通过SWOT分析定性评价了罗布泊雅丹地貌的旅游开发条件,认为罗布泊雅丹地貌已经具备一定的旅游规模,有很大的开发潜力。从旅游资源价值、旅游区位条件、旅游市场条件3方面定量评价了罗布泊各雅丹地貌分区的旅游资源,认为三垄沙和龙城属于1级景区,宜重点开发;白龙堆和楼兰雅丹属于2级景区,宜特色开发;阿奇克谷地属于3级景区,是辅助资源。运用面状容量法测算了雅丹地貌区的旅游环境容量并分析了罗布泊雅丹旅游生命周期变化过程。最后,提出了罗布泊雅丹地貌旅游开发策略。     

Origin and characteristics of yardangs in the Um Al-Rimam depressions (N Kuwait)

Although Arabia hosts one of the largest deserts in the world, studies regarding aeolian erosional features in general and yardangs in particular are rare. The principal aim of this study is to delineate and investigate the various forms of yardangs in the Um Al-Rimam depressions in the northern part of Kuwait. The study area consists of two main depressions connected by neck area made up of continental sediments. Both depressions are surrounded by a dissected escarpment and their floors host muddy playas. On lithological bases, three main types of yardang have been identified: 7 yardangs are sculptured in sandstones of Lower Fars Formation (Lower to Middle Miocene), 23 are carved in calcretic rocks of Ghar Formation (Oligocene to Lower Miocene), and 11 yardangs are developed in Quaternary sediments. Their mean orientation NW (297°) coincides with the prevailing direction of the strong local northwesterly wind called the shamal. The average length/width ratio is 1.5:1. The wide geographic distribution of yardangs around the margins of the northern depression is due to sand blasting. This is explained by the annual sand accumulation measured in the study area where the northern depression shows 143 times higher accumulation than the southern depression, the neck area and the platform above the depressions. Also, the field measurements for annual erosional rates show that the sides of the yardangs are more affected by erosion compared to their middle parts. Remarkably slight mineralogical variations were detected within the surface sediments of Um Al-Rimam depressions and the Quaternary muddy yardangs which indicate a common origin. The age of yardangs is unknown but annual erosional rates on a small Quaternary muddy yardang suggest that they range in age between 44 and 1500 years depending on yardang size. It is believed, as indicated from field observation and interpretation of aerial photos, that the majority of yardangs are pre-existing bedrock forms. These forms were developed by paleo-surface hydrological processes which were modified by wind action in latter phase.     

玉门关西雅丹地貌的分布和特征及形成时代问题

玉门关西雅丹地貌位于玉门关以西68 km的疏勒河故道北面北山剥蚀残丘准平原的东西向断层谷地中(90°00'~90°10'E, 40°30'~40°34'N),该区雅丹地貌组成的古湖相地层被推测形成于中更新世甚至早更新世,中更新世末的新构造运动湖水向西撤退,随即被晚更新世的戈壁砾石层覆盖。晚更新世末发育了东西向古河道,以后由蒙古高原南下的强劲北风吹蚀而成,雅丹一般高20~40 m,最高可达100 m,形态丰富多姿,为世界上所少见的大中型、密集的、形态奇特的雅丹地貌景观,是旅游观光和科研的宝地。     

Some new progress in scientific research on the Lop Nur Lake region, Xinjiang, China

The Lop Nur Lake, a famous lake in the arid areas of China, is located in the communi-cations center of the ancient Silk Road which facilitated the flow of culture between China andWestern countries and enjoyed the great reputation in the ancient history of China. Since the re-cent 100 years, some Chinese and foreign scholars have explored and investigated here, they,however, could not get to the hinterland of the lake basin due to the hard and dangerous roads.Therefore, there are many divergences and controversies about the Lop Nur Lake region[1'2]. Inorder to clarify these issues, know the usable natural resources and sum up the historical experi-ences and lessons of dry-up of the Lop Nur Lake, a scientific investigation team was organized byXinjiang Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to carry out the investigation and researchabout the Lop Nur Lake region in the 1980s. Recently, some personnel from CCTV and other in-stitutions went to the lower reaches of the Tarim River and the Lop Nur Lake region to undertakethe research for coordinating the strategic decision of the Great Development of Western Chinaand the synthetic harnessing of the Tarim River, and a series of achievements in scientific researchhave been achieved.     

火星和地球雅丹形态学类比分析——以埃律西昂平原和柴达木盆地为例

作为一种风蚀地貌,雅丹地貌是对环境长期适应的一种表现,其形态特征可以反映所受内外营力的作用。对火星埃律西昂平原和地球柴达木盆地雅丹体的形态参数进行对比分析。结果显示：（1）埃律西昂平原雅丹体的长宽比（3.49）与柴达木盆地雅丹体的长宽比（3.57）较为接近,同时也与理想状态下的长宽比（4）接近,它们都具有流线型的形态,且处于雅丹体发育的成熟期。（2）柴达木盆地雅丹体是鲸背状,埃律西昂平原雅丹体是椭圆状,原因是柴达木盆地雅丹体常年受盛行风的影响,埃律西昂平原雅丹体受两种反向风的影响。柴达木盆地雅丹体表面崩裂的痕迹不明显,埃律西昂平原雅丹体表面崩裂的痕迹比较明显,原因是形成雅丹体的物质基础和温差环境不同：柴达木盆地雅丹体的物质基础是湖相沉积物,雅丹体表面有减弱风化的盐壳;埃律西昂平原雅丹体的物质基础是火山熔岩流,而且火星的昼夜温差大于地球。     

敦煌雅丹地貌区晚更新世以来的区域构造运动特征

河流阶地和活动断层是研究区域构造运动的良好证据。分析了敦煌雅丹地貌区的活动断层和河流阶地的特征与性质,并取样测定活动断层形成时间,进而通过区域对比确定研究区晚更新世以来的构造运动特征和性质。研究区晚更新世以来受区域构造运动影响强烈,特别是阿尔金构造系和北山构造系的次级构造对研究区影响明显。距今约10万年以来,研究区共发生过3次明显的间歇性构造抬升活动：Ⅰ期发生于距今约10万年前,强度最弱;Ⅱ期发生于距今约7万年前,最为强烈;Ⅲ期发生在距今4万年前。     

柴达木盆地鸭湖地区水上雅丹地貌成因研究

本文通过对青海柴达木盆地鸭湖地区构成水上雅丹的地层序列和沉积相、地层形成时代、地层形成后演化为雅丹地貌的构造条件、气候条件和人为因素的研究,认为构成研究区水上雅丹的地层为中新世上油砂山组,所含介形虫组合指示其形成时代为中新世晚期;沉积相和孢粉组合分析揭示本区在中新世晚期为温暖干旱的气候下的古湖环境,接受湖相和湖泊三角洲前缘沉积;上新世在区域构造抬升和干旱化气候的双重作用下,古湖逐渐萎缩;更新世在极端干旱和强劲的季风环境中,被抬升到地表的上油沙山组上部地层在风蚀为主的外营力作用下形成雅丹;晚更新世末期—全新世由于末次间冰期的到来,气候转向温暖湿润,湖水再次入侵。近年人类活动改变了湖泊分布格局,导致湖泊淹没了部分陆地上的雅丹,呈现为奇特的水上雅丹地貌景观。