Memorial landscapes: analytic questions and metaphors

Over the past two decades, geographers have probed the intersection of collective memory and urban space. Their sustained interest in the subject reflects an understanding of the social condition of commemoration and the important role that space plays in the process and politics of collective memory. Along with other critical social scientists, geographers envision these public symbols as part of larger cultural landscapes that reflect and legitimate the normative social order. A review of the extant literature indicates that geographers scrutinize memorial landscapes through three conceptual lenses that may be understood via the metaphors of ‘text,’ ‘arena,’ and ‘performance.’ These metaphors are in turn mobilized through a series of analytic questions that serve to identify the interests served and denied by landscape ‘texts,’ the ‘arenas’ in which they are produced, and the ways in which they are enacted via ‘performance.’ This article’s synopsis of the subfield’s predominant metaphors and its attendant questions contributes to the ongoing cultural geographic project of articulating and implementing methods for interpreting landscapes as open-ended symbolic systems.

The neoliberalization of ecosystem services: wetland mitigation banking and problems in environmental governance

Wetland mitigation banking is an American neoliberal environmental policy that has created a functioning market in `ecosystem services', commodities defined using the holistic measures of ecological science. The development of this market is discussed as a project of environmental governance, defined as the nation-state's regulation of ecological relations within its territory towards stabilizing capitalist relations of power and accumulation. I argue that the wetland banking industry serves as a bellwether that presages problems that other strategies of neoliberal environmental governance will experience. Ethnographic, economic and ecological data from the Chicago-area wetland banking industry inform a discussion of two major obstacles to neoliberal strategy: the problem of relying on ecological science to define the unit of trade, and the problem of aligning the somewhat independent relations of law, politics, markets and ecosystems across an array of spatial scales. Theoretical guidance is sought from recent work on `social natures' and from the Regulationist approach to institutional political economics.     

东吴小筑园林植物应用评价

园林植物配置是园林植物应用的重要内容，对充分发挥园林功能和观赏特性具有重要作用。通过对东吴小筑入口、前庭小院、主景区、山林区、园路、出口等6个功能区园林植物水平配置的现状调查，分析了本景区园林植物的物种多样性、水平结构、垂直结构、色彩变化等特征。结果表明：东吴小筑园林景观营造中．植物配置显示出较高水准。在树种选择、树丛组合、层次搭配、空间组织、色彩表现、季相变化等方面的设计布局十分精细，对今后园林设计及园林绿化水平的提高具有较好的指导作用。     

湿地生态风险管理

结合生态学相关知识,将生态风险管理具体应用到湿地的生态风险管理中。从湿地生态风险管理过程的规划、管理目标、生态风险评估、风险处理等方面对湿地生态风险管理进行了探讨。在湿地生态风险评价过程中进一步运用经济学方法进行了湿地风险综合分析,使湿地生态风险管理更有效。对于湿地生态风险管理,应根据不同的风险程度采取不同的措施或者方法,提出了4种湿地风险管理措施。     

Progress and prospect of research on forest landscape model

The Forest Landscape Model (FLM) is an efficiency tool of quantified expression of forest ecosystem''s structure and function. This paper, on the basis of identifying FLM, according to the stage of development, summarizes the development characteristics of the model, which includes the theoretical foundation of mathematical model, FLM of stand-scale, primary development of spatial landscape model, rapid development of ecosystem process model as the priority, and developing period of structure and process driven by multi-factor. According to the characteristics of different FLMs, this paper classifies the existing FLM in terms of mechanism, property and application, and elaborates the identifications, advantages and disadvantages of different types of models. It summarizes and evaluates the main application fields of existing models from two aspects which are the changes of spatial pattern and ecological process. Eventually, this paper presents FLM''s challenges and directions of development in the future, including: (1) more prominent service on the practical strategy of forest management''s objectives; (2) construction of multi-modules and multi-plugin to satisfy landscape research demand in various conditions; (3) adoption of high resolution''s spatial-temporal data; (4) structural construction of multi-version module; (5) improving the spatial suitability of model application.     

基于GIS的广东省灯塔盆地景观格局分析

在GIS与景观斑块分析软件支持下,定量分析灯塔盆地景观生态格局.灯塔盆地景观组分主要有水田、旱地、灌草丛、针阔混交林、针叶林等5种斑块类型,由于受沟谷相间的丘陵地貌格局的控制,水田作为优势景观组分具有最复杂的空间结构;针叶林和针阔混交林具有相似格局特征,但二者在空间分布上具有较大差异,针叶林主要分布在盆地边缘海拔较高的部位,而针阔混交林主要分布在盆地内部的丘陵、台地.研究结果表明,灯塔盆地景观格局的复杂性主要受地貌因素控制,人类活动的干扰主要表现在两个方面:典型地带性植被景观亚热带常绿阔叶林已基本消失;人     

不同土地利用方式下的七里海湿地临界评价研究

在"湿地临界"概念的基础上,定性分析了湿地利用与保护的平衡状态,探讨了不同利用方式下的湿地临界的研究步骤,并从基于耕地和河蟹养殖地两种土地利用方式入手,对七里海湿地临界进行了评价。研究表明,通过建立湿地临界模型,从经济效益评价和生态效益的评估入手,对湿地资源利用与保护进行临界分析,可以较好的反映湿地利用的临界状态;采用该方法,七里海湿地耕地利用的年净收益为9 5941.42元/hm2,净损耗为18 072.75元/hm2,临界效益(△B)值为77 868.67元/hm2;养殖河蟹的年净效益为21 622.68元/hm2,净损耗为2 0274元/hm2,△B值为1 348.68元/hm2,说明在目前的社会经济发展水平下,耕地和养殖河蟹两种利用方式尚未超出开发利用的临界准则,七里海湿地仍然具有开发潜力。     

铁岭莲花湖湿地湖心岛建设探讨

为解决人为活动对城市湿地公园内鸟类的影响,对铁岭莲花湖湿地公园湖心岛建设进行调查分析,湖心岛建设在保护湿地鸟类资源及丰富湿地景观多样性等方面起到了重要作用。根据城市湿地公园建设理念,提出了湿地公园中湖心岛建设的原则,初步探讨了湿地湖心岛建设过程中的基础填筑、岛上生物栖息地建设及岸边护坡等关键技术方案。     

盘锦湿地芦苇生态系统长期通量观测研究

针对2004年5月26日-2005年10月15日盘锦湿地芦苇生态系统碳通量、感热通量和潜热通量资料进行分析。结果表明:芦苇湿地具有较强的碳汇作用;2005年芦苇湿地固定二氧化碳为13.32 t/hm2,日平均感热通量和潜热通量分别为2 464 kJ/m2和3 880 kJ/m2。2004年和2005年6～9月的日累积值波文比平均值均为0.15。芦苇湿地碳通量、感热通量和潜热通量的日动态呈单峰单谷型变化,极值出现在中午前后,夜间线形平直。芦苇生长季白天通量绝对值远较夜间大,白天碳吸收,夜间碳排放。CO2浓度年平均日变化曲线亦为单谷单峰型,夜间浓度较高且逐渐升高,直到日出前达到峰值;日出后急剧下降,傍晚又开始逐渐增加。芦苇湿地感热通量昼正夜负,潜热通量与林地不同,全天为正。各通量季节变化明显,冬季CO2通量日变化不明显,趋近于零;感热通量总体向上输送,春季数值较大,生长季数值较小;潜热通量冬季最小,接近0,春季开始显著增加,生长季达到最大。     

‘A place for everything’: Moral landscapes of ‘swiftlet farming’ in George Town,Malaysia

This paper is based on 6 months of ethnographic, multi-sited research in Malaysia, and investigates the relatively recent phenomenon of edible birds’ nest farming in urban areas (‘swiftlet farming’). Swiftlet farms are typically converted shophouses or other buildings which have been modified for the purpose of harvesting the nests of the Edible-nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus). I use the controversy over urban swiftlet farming in the Malaysian city of George Town, Penang, to examine discourses used by key stakeholders to shape debates over the place of non-human animals in cities. By considering everyday experiences of urban swiftlet farming, I explore how this burgeoning industry is perceived amongst residents, and how it is deemed to be (in)appropriate within the political, economic and cultural landscape of George Town. Yet, I also consider how farmers have sought to contest these discourses on ideological and normative grounds. In so doing, I place the cultural animal geographies literature in conversation with emergent literature on landscape and urban political ecology. Such a framing allows for a critical evaluation of the controversies surrounding this case, and their implications for human-animal cohabitation in cities. The paper reflects on the implications of this case for how we regulate human-animal relations and live in contemporary cities, and the crucial role of animals in altering urban form, aesthetics and everyday life, particularly in non-Western contexts.