The Role of Aga Khan Rural Support Programme in Rural Development in the Karakorum, Hindu Kush ＆ Himalayan Region： Examples from the Northern Mountainous Belt of Pakistan

Pakistan is predominantly a mountainous country where rural development activities are characterised by inconsistency, politically motivated short-term projects without proper feedback. Since the inception of the country, the top-down approach has been followed, and the same development plans that were formulated for the plain areas have been extended to the mountains without any modification. In doing so, neither the participation of the local communities was cared for, nor the mountain specificities were considered in the planning process. Moreover, the representation of the local inhabitants was improper and contradictory to the facts. This biased approach has been one of the main causes for the failure of development projects carried out by different agencies of the Government. Contrary to the perception of the state authorities, the mountain communities proved to be more open to accept new approaches and demonstrated the capacity and capability of being a dependable development partner. In this paper, a detailed account of the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme （AKRSP） has been presented to assess and evaluate the approach followed by this non-governmental organisation （NGO）, and the response of the local inhabitants as collaborators in the development process. The achievements of the AKRSP from project planning, implementation and monitoring can be adopted as a model for rural development not only in the plains, but also in the mountainous areas of the developing countries in the world.     

Catastrophic debris flows near Machu Picchu village (Aguas Calientes), Peru

Slope movements together with intensive river erosion and the following accumulation are the leading processes in the landscape evolution in the area of Machu Picchu village (former Aguas Calientes), which is located close to the Machu Picchu Sanctuary. Debris flows affect not only the bottoms of valleys or canyons, but also debris fans at the termini of the drainage basins, which are heavily inhabited at some places. The most recent event in the Machu Picchu village occurred in April 2004, but several others were documented in a broader area in the last 50 years. The field inspections at Machu Picchu (May and September 2004; June and September 2005) together with oral testimony revealed the nature and behavior of the debris flow. Machu Picchu village can be assessed as a zone with high landslide risk in relation to its urban development. Despite that, the village recorded a rapid growth (threefold population increase) without urban control within the past two decades. Precipitation, which is the main triggering factor of the debris flows, and natural hazard management of the Machu Picchu village are discussed in this paper.     

略论目标规划及交互方法在小康示范村规划中的实践--以西藏贡嘎县沃拉村为例

建设全面小康社会是我国本世纪头20年的核心内容,目前已经有越来越多的人加入到这一研究领域中,该领域的规划研究工作正在逐渐加强。本文以西藏贡嘎县沃拉村为例,介绍了目标规划及交互方法小康示范村规划中的实践,讨论了规划的过程、建模方法及模型的精度等问题,认为在研究人员的指导下,由村民学习并建模的方法是今后小康村规划的发展方向。     

一种典型的同生沉积型微细浸染型金矿床--桂西北高龙金矿床

桂西北高龙微细浸染型金矿床位于广西田林县高龙乡。含矿硅质岩与热水沉积作用有关，而非首人认为的断裂破碎—热液硅化交代岩。矿床的典型地质特征以及地球化学特征显示该矿床具有典型的同生沉积—准同生成岩的成因特征，矿床属同生沉积型，而不是前人认为的后生热液改造型。矿床的形成与右江沉积盆地演化关系密切，含矿流体为以大气降水为主要补给源的深循环盆地卤水和与沉积物发生了同位素交换的埋藏古海水，流体的运移方式以压实驱动流为主，含矿流体主要以沉积喷流方式成矿。     

基于地理格网分级法提取的中国传统村落空间分布

中国传统村落真实地记录了建筑、民俗民风和较原始的民居空间形态,是千百年来人类与自然和谐共存的生活基础。随着城市化进程加快,传统村落的存续受到了很大的挑战,为了更好地保护利用传统村落,对其进行多视角的研究尤为重要,除了微观层面的具体保护措施外,还应加强宏观层面的空间分布研究。地理格网是表达复杂地理现象、综合分析自然与人文数据、模拟地理系统功能与行为的基本方法。本文从百度影像地图提取村落坐标,并截取遥感影像作为村落点数据的判断补充,在此基础上,运用地理格网的分级法,对国家公布的三批中国传统村落(2555个)数据进行空间格局分析,结果表明：这些村落主要分布在中国东南部,如落在一级格网Ⅰ18、Ⅰ19就分别有586、781个村落,占三批传统村落总数的96.6%。通过对二级和三级格网的村落分布离散性进行分析,使传统村落的空间分布数据结构更加系统和清晰有序,为合理构建其数据库提供了框架基础。     

云南省乡镇农村地震灾害直接经济损失研究

根据1993-2003年30余次云南省地震的损失评估调查资料,建立了云南省农村乡镇各烈度区房屋建筑物损失与受灾人口的定量关系,初步建立了各烈度区水利设施损失、生命线工程损失与房屋建筑物损失的关系。以云南地区2004年-2005年4次地震为实例,用以上计算方法估算了4次地震的直接经济损失,并与地震现场评估的结果作比较,结果表明,该计算模型实用性强,对一般性地震的模拟误差平均值在30％左右。     

空间正义视角下乡村权的概念框架与比较研究

“乡村权”概念是近年空间正义研究在乡村地域进行理论延伸与实践检验的新领域,其通过揭示以土地为空间媒介的乡村权利剥夺现象,批判性分析乡村空间资源分配和空间生产过程中出现的非正义问题。延续激进地理学视角,文章聚焦“乡村土地”与“村民身份”两大问题,基于突尼斯、印度、黎巴嫩等南方国家,以及英国、法国、意大利等北方国家的案例,揭示村民在生产、生活及意识层面所处的非正义境况（即“被迫非农化”）,并探寻村民为寻求空间正义所采取的个人或集体抗争方式（即“自发再农化”）。通过案例比较发现：1）南方国家与北方国家的乡村案例表现出的被迫非农化现象具有共性,其本质都是资本剥削导致的乡村土地和村民身份被剥夺;2）南方和北方国家的自发再农化手段存在差异,南方国家的村民主要采取法律途径或极端方式,北方国家则依托自上而下的国家政策保障与自下而上的地方能力建设。进而,归纳出乡村权三大内涵,即“占有权（拥有农地并进行农业生产）”“定居权（以村民的生活方式生活在乡村）”“参与权（自主决定是否非农化）”。最后,建议在中国乡村振兴中,通过科学知识共享、社区学习与合作等方式提升村民自身能力,实现村民在乡村空间占有、定居、参与的...     

Analysis of types and changes of village-level economy in rural Gongyi city,Henan Province since 1990

Based on the research on the rural living standard in China in terms of annual net income per capita, we define six types of village-level economy, i.e. ＂to be extremely poor＂, ＂to make a basic living＂, ＂to dress warmly and eat one＇s fill＂, ＂to try to enrich （to disengage poverty）＂, ＂to be well-off＂ and ＂to be affluent＂. The data of average annual net income of all the 292 villages between 1990 and 2004 in rural Gongyi City, Henan Province were collected, verified and classified. By using standard deviation, coefficient of variation and regression analysis, it is found that the Gongyi＇s rural economy has boosted up remarkably from the relative-poverty and absolute-poverty stages in 1990 to the well-off in 2004. However, the absolute differences between villages present a trend of enlargement, while the relative differences fluctuating. On the other hand, spatial analysis of village-level economy shows that most villages with relatively high economic development level were located along national expressway and most villages with absolute-poverty lay in remote mountainous areas in 1990. Since the 1990s, the rapid urbanization and industrialization have had strongly positive effects on rural economic growth. Initial economic foundation, natural resources and traditional techniques also contribute to village economy. From the perspective of geography, villages with location advantages, such as near urban center or industrial parks, have more chances for their economic development and the ＂core-periphery＂ economic structure has been presented in the process of rural development.     

构件模型库的客家古村落三维建模方法——以白鹭古村为例

针对客家历史的重要载体--客家古村落正在面临着被破坏甚至消亡的风险问题,该文对其开展了三维建模方法研究,以进行数字化保护。通过分析客家古村落的建筑特点,首先对客家古村落中的建筑群整体布局展开研究,合理划分出单体古建筑;其次,将单体古建筑拆分成不同类型的子构件并研究各自建模规则,创建了面向客家古村落的建模体系与框架;最后采用CityEngine的规则建模技术为主,结合3DS Max三维建模软件,对子构件进行三维精细建模,构建了基于模型库的客家古村落三维建模方法。并以白鹭古村为例,利用此方法完成了白鹭古村古建筑群的三维精细模型的展示,并开发出了白鹭古村三维仿真系统。实验表明:该方法能够大大提高三维建模效率,快速完成对客家古村落的三维建模。     

宁夏生态移民村空间剥夺测度及影响因素

生态移民村是一种具有扶贫脱贫与生态保护双重意义的特殊乡村类型,是乡村振兴不可或缺的重要对象。在空间重构过程中形成的空间剥夺现象,是当前生态移民村全面振兴面临的一个新问题。为探究生态移民村空间剥夺规律,以宁夏70个生态移民村2017年相关数据为基础,构建了以收入就业、教育培训、社会生活、居住环境及公共服务可达性为主要内容的空间剥夺指标体系并进行水平测度,进而运用地理加权回归和地理探测器对其影响因子进行探测。结果显示：① 宁夏生态移民村空间剥夺整体水平较低,但总指数均值相对于非生态移民村显著高出0.023;② 宁夏生态移民村空间剥夺时空分异特征明显,总指数均值在时间上呈现“先较低—后上升—再下降”趋势,在空间上呈现“北部低—中部高—南部次高”分布;③ 民族构成、地形地貌、移民时段、依托资源和经济区带是影响生态移民村空间剥夺的重要因子,前3项对空间剥夺总指数的解释力分别达到了22.4%、10.6%和14.0%。空间剥夺水平测度为生态移民生产生活评价和政策调整完善提供新的客观依据,相关部门可据此优化调节生态移民村空间资源配置,增加其获取资源的能力和机会,推动生态移民村全面振兴。