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1.
The kinetics of the reactions of C2H radical with ethane (k1), propane (k2), and n-butane (k3) are studied over the temperature range of T = 96-296 K with a pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus that utilizes a pulsed laser photolysis-chemiluminescence technique. The C2H decay profiles in the presence of both the alkane reactant and O2 are monitored by the CH(A2Δ) chemiluminescence tracer method. The results, together with available literature data, yield the following Arrhenius expressions: k1(T) = (0.51 ± 0.06) × 10−10 exp[(−76 ± 30)K/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (T = 96-800 K), k2(T) = (0.98 ± 0.32) × 10−10exp[(−71 ± 60)K/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (T = 96-361 K), and k3(T) = (1.23 ± 0.26) × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (T = 96-297 K). At T = 296 K, k1 is measured as a function of total pressure and has little or no pressure dependence. The results from this work support a direct hydrogen abstraction mechanism for the title reactions. Implications to the atmospheric chemistry of Titan are discussed. 相似文献
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Jonathan S. Price 《水文研究》1994,8(2):167-177
Over an oceanic peatland, the concentration of Na in fog averaged 38.1 mgl?1 compared with 1.8 mgl?1 in rain, resulting in a significant flux of mineral elements to the surface. Between 16 May and 20 June 1990 the average mass flux of Na to the bog surface by fog, rain, and dry deposition was 21.9, 10.4 and 7.0 mg m?2 d?1. There was little long-term storage of Na within the peatland system, where Na losses measured in stream runoff averaged 34.8 mg m2 d?1, and deep groundwater losses 4 mg m?2 d?1. Calcium and Mg were preferentially retained in the organic soil, whereas K was relatively mobile. Potassium tended to become concentrated in the unsaturated zone. Stream runoff had a consistently higher pH than groundwater, corresponding to higher Ca and Mg concentrations, which may have been from mineral sources in the headwater ponds. Otherwise, the stream water chemistry was closely related to groundwater in the upper layers of the peat deposit. 相似文献
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Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
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三种海洋硅藻胞外多聚物形态、微细结构及组成的初步研究 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10
利用光镜和扫描电镜对厦门近海三种常见附着硅藻——爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种(Achnanthes javanica var.subconstricta)、咖啡形双眉藻(Amphora coffeaeformis)和多枝舟形藻(Nav-icula ramosissima)胞外多聚物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPSs)的形态和微细结构进行了研究,并初步分析了其化学组成。结果表明,A.javanica var.subconstricta的胞外多聚物为透明的长柄,分为领、柄及垫状物三部分,电镜显示其徽细结构为由许多纤维组成的双层实心管;Amphora coffeaeformis分泌的EPS为由串连的小节组成的实心管状结构,许多管交织成厚的胶质块;Navicula ramosissima的EPSs则为透明的薄膜并形成胶质膜。三种硅藻胞外多聚物的水溶性和水不溶性的主要成分均为多糖类,达总量的70%以上,蛋白质含量次之.不含脂类物质,但不同藻类EPS的组成差异较大。此外,还探讨了EPSs的功能及其分泌机理。 相似文献
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Whole mantle SH velocity model constrained by waveform inversion based on three-dimensional Born kernels 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nozomu Takeuchi 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,169(3):1153-1163
A whole mantle SH velocity model is obtained by using a unique data set and techniques. Body and surface waveforms including major and multi-orbit phases are used as a data set and are inverted by using 3-D Born kernels. The resultant model, SH18CE, reveals the different natures of the two major upwelling systems: the strong low velocity anomalies beneath Africa extend for more than 1000 km from the core–mantle boundary (CMB), whereas those beneath the Pacific are restricted to 300–400 km from the CMB. The results also show the variable natures of stagnant slabs on the 670 discontinuity around Japan: the depths of the strongest high velocity anomalies within the stagnant slabs are different region by region, which is consistent with the detailed delay time tomography model in this area. 相似文献
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疏松砂岩稠油油藏出砂冷采机理及配套技术研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
稠油出砂冷采技术对地层原油含有溶解气的各类疏松砂岩稠油油藏具有较广泛的适应性,它通过大量砂子的产出和泡沫油的形成,获得较高的原油产量,河南油田于1996年在国内率先开展稠油出砂冷采技术调研及可行性研究,出砂冷采机理及配套工艺技术研究,并于1997年6月进入现场先导试验,矿场试验已展示出明显出砂冷采特征的G4906井,日产油量20t-30t,是常规开采和蒸汽吞吐的10倍和4倍以上,开采成本比蒸汽吞吐降低47%,出砂冷采工业化应用配套技术的形成和应用,将使国内及河南油田稠油资源利用程度进一步提高。 相似文献
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Heavy metal input into roadside soils and effects of deicing salts are often discussed as separate environmental problems. However, a relationship between salt input and heavy metal mobility has already been detected in laboratory tests. During a 2-year field study, the soil solution of a roadside soil was continuously sampled. The results of soil solution analysis not only showed a strong rise in deicing-salt related sodium, calcium and chloride concentrations, but also high zinc and cadmium values in winter and spring. Additional laboratory tests confirmed the mobilizing effects of salt solution which contained NaCl and CaCl2. Cation exchange and the formation of chlorocomplexes are discussed as the responsible mechanisms. 相似文献