BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Introduction to Climatology for the Tropics . J. O. Ayoade. Conservation and Management of Natural Resources in the United States . Charles F. Bennett. The Keeping of Animals: Adaptation and Social Relations in Livestock Producing Communities . Riva Berleant-Schiller and Eugenia Shanklin, ed. The Evolution of Geographic Thought in America: A Kentucky Root Wilford A. Bladen and Pradyumna P. Karan, eds. Latin America: Geographical Perspectives , 2nd ed. Harold Blakemore and Clifford T. Smith, ed. The Rural Real Estate Market. Department of Geography Publication Series, No. 18 . Chris Bryant. Urban Geomorphology in Drylands . R. U. Cooke, D. Brunsden, J. C. Doornkamp, and D. K. C. Jones with contributions by J. Griffiths, P. Knott, R. Potter, and R. Russell. Italian Geography, 1960–1980. Meeting of the Status of the Geographic Research in Italy, 1960–1980. Treated under the auspices of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and organized by Istituto di Geografia Umana della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell'Università degli Studi di Milano , Giacomo Corna Pellecrini and Carlo Brusa, eds. The Changing Fenland . H. C. Darby. The Future for the City Centre . R. L. Davies and A. G. Champion, eds. Saudi Arabia, Energy, Developmental Planning, and Industrialization . Ragaei El Mallakh, Dorothea H. El Mallakh, eds. For We Are Sold, I and My People: Women and Industry in Mexico's Frontier . Maria Patricia Fernández-Kelly. The Great Lakes Forest: An Environmental and Social History . Susan L. Flader, ed. Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution: A Geography of the Yorkshire Woolen Industry . Derek Gregory Crime in City Politics . Anne Heinz, Herbert Jacob and Robert L. Lineberry, eds. Revitalizing Cities . H. Briavel Holcomb and Robert A. Beauregard. Cartographic Relief Presentation . Eduard Imhof. H. J. Steward, Trans. Soviet Union: A Geographical Survey . S. V. Kalesnik and V. F. Pavlenko, ed. Cognition and Environment . Stephen Kaplan and Rachel Kaplan. Environmental Protection: The International Dimension . David A. Kay and Harold K. Jacobsen, eds. Mathematical Programming Methods for Geographers and Planners , James Killen. Gentrification Amid Urban Decline: Strategies for America's Older Cities . Michael H. Lang. The North Atlantic Sulphur System . Risto Laulajainen. The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel, Vol. 2 . Lee I. Levine ed. Jerusalem and Detroit: Recreation Planning and Management . Stanely R. Lieber and Daniel R. Fesenmaier, eds. Heartland and Hinterland: A Geography of Canada . L. D. McCann, ed. Scarborough Where We Live: The Residential Districts of Minneapolis and St. Paul . Judith A. Martin and David A. Lanegran. California: The Geography of Diversity . Crane S. Miller and Richard S. Hyslop. Palo Alto The Dilemma of Amazonian Development . Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder Nuclear Waste: Socioeconomic Dimensions of Long-Term Storage . Steve H. Murdock, F. Larry Leistritz, and Rita R. Hamm, eds. Boulder Communism and the Politics of Inequalities . Daniel N. Nelson, ed. The Los Angeles Metropolis . Howard J. Nelson. Dubuque An Historical Geography of Urban System Development: Tidewater Virginia in the 18th Century . James O'Mara. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre . East Asia: Geographical and Historical Approaches to Foreign Area Studies . Clifton W. Pannell, ed. Dubuque Mackinder: Geography as an Aid to Statecraft . W. H. Parker. Beyond the Urban Fringe: Land Use Issues of Nonmetropolitan America . Rutherford H. Platt and George Macinko, eds. Recreation Geography of the USSR . V. S. Preobrazhensky and V. M. Krivosheyev, eds. Missouri: A Geography . Milton D. Rafferty The Invisible Farmers: Women in Agricultural Production . Carolyn E. Sachs. Cayman Islands Seashore Vegetation: A Study in Comparative Biogeography . Jonathan D. Sauer. Hillslope Materials and Processes . Michael J. Selby. Housing in Britain: The Post-War Experience . John R. Short The Study of Population: Elements, Patterns and Processes . George A. Schnell and Mark Stephen Monmonier. Columbus The Soviet Union: A Systematic Geography . Leslie Symons, ed. The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression . Ehud R. Toledano. The Impact of Recession on Industry, Employment and the Regions, 1976–1981 . Alan R. Townsend. Landslides and Their Control , 2nd ed. Quido Záruba and Vojtech Mencl. Translated from the Czech by H. Zárubová and V. Mencl.     

ENHANCING AND USING A SENSE OF PLACE WITHIN URBAN AREAS: A ROLE FOR APPLIED CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

Basic concepts of cultural historical geography have been applied to a variety of community issues in St. Paul, MN. Through the process a sense of place has been developed at several scales. This inclusive sense of place has provided a link among various factions and made possible several compromises in land use and economic development issues. Most of the work was done through undergraduate field seminars.     

Brownfield Sites in Minneapolis-St. Paul: The Interwoven Geographies of Industrial Disinvestment and Environmental Contamination

In contrast to the formal legal definition of brownfields which focuses on environmental and legal barriers to property redevelopment, this paper reconceptualizes brownfields as the product of the interwoven geographies of industrial disinvestment and environmental contamination. An empirical analysis of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area demonstrates that brownfields cannot be understood apart from the dynamics of urban industrial investment and disinvestment. Spatial restructuring of industrial activity over the past half century has resulted in significant disinvestment in core city and inner-suburban industrial districts and is at the root of the brownfield problem. The abundance of brownfield sites is highly correlated with historic levels of industrial activity and negatively correlated with changes in industrial property values. The results of this study support the recent public policy turn that attempts to address the dual urban-economic and environmental nature of brownfields.     

克鲁格曼的新经济地理研究及其意义

克鲁格曼在借鉴经典区位理论的基础上,引入了世界贸易、新经济增长理论的最新研究成果,改造并创新了传统区位理论,在此基础上构造出一套新的空间区位理论-称之为新经济地理学。克鲁格曼以在该领域及此前在国际贸易和世界经济形势预测方面的贡献,获得了2008年度诺贝尔经济学奖。克鲁格曼新经济地理学是经济地理学在新形势下取得的新成果,解决了许多传统区位理论未能解决的难题,而且使经典区位理论获得了新的发展动力。但是,长期以来克鲁格曼新经济地理学被认为与地理界所研究的经济地理学关系不大,未引起地理学界的足够重视。本文从地理学的角度对克鲁格曼所研究的新经济地理学的内涵、研究意义及其与传统区位论的关系等方面,重新解读和审视克鲁格曼的新经济地理学,分析该理论对经济地理学发展的影响,以期对中国经济地理学的创新研究和制订区域科学发展路线图提供参考。     

Synthesis of magnitude and focal mechanism computations for the M ≥ 4.5 earthquakes in France for the period 1995–2000

This paper proposes a synthesis of thestudies made in terms of source parametersevaluation for the last earthquakes oflocal magnitude greater than 4.5 whichoccurred in or nearby France during thelast five years. Focal mechanisms andseismic moments have been computed for thethree most important events, largely feltby the population: St Paul de Fenouillet(February 18^th 1996, M_L 5.6),Annecy-Epagny (July 15^th 1996, M_L5.2) and St-Béat (October 4^th1999, M_L 4.8). These focal mechanismshave been obtained either by regionalmoment tensor inversion or from firstmotion polarities and are compared withcomplementary studies made on theseearthquakes. In addition, for the otherearthquakes of local magnitude greater than4.5 which occurred nearby French borderssince the beginning of the recording ofbroadband data by the RéNaSS(Réseau National de SurveillanceSismique, French Seismological Survey) inmid–1995, several magnitude calculationsconcerning the following earthquakes arepresented: Pamplona (25/2/1996, M_L4.7), Aoste (31/03/1996, M_L 4.6),Imperia (24/2/1997, M_L 4.5),Barcelonette (31/10/1997, M_L 4.8),Pamplona (27/10/1998, M_L 4.9), andBonifacio (26/4/2000, M_L 4.5). Localmagnitudes are usually higher thanthe M_b magnitudes reported by the PDE(Preliminary Determination of Epicenters),while the extension of the Msz scale toregional magnitudes and the Mw magnitudesderived from seismic moments give smallervalues. The relative importance of thevarious earthquakes in terms of surfacewave magnitude or seismic moment does notalways agree with that implied by localmagnitudes.     

克鲁格曼的主要经济地理学观点分析

本文评述了80年代以来着名经济学家P.克鲁格曼的主要经济地理观点。侧重于三方面：新贸易理论、对经济地理学传统的看法以及空间经济模型。最后,对克鲁格曼经济地理学与常规地理学的不同之处作以比较。     

Pelagic microplastics around an archipelago of the Equatorial Atlantic

Plastic marine debris is presently widely recognised as an important environmental pollutant. Such debris is reported in every habitat of the oceans, from urban tourist beaches to remote islands and from the ocean surface to submarine canyons, and is found buried and deposited on sandy and cobble beaches. Plastic marine debris varies from micrometres to several metres in length and is potentially ingested by animals of every level of the marine food web. Here, we show that synthetic polymers are present in subsurface plankton samples around Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. To explain the distribution of microplastics around the Archipelago, we proposed a generalised linear model (GLM) that suggests the existence of an outward gradient of mean plastic-particle densities. Plastic items can be autochthonous or transported over large oceanic distances. One probable source is the small but persistent fishing fleet using the area.     

THE FAILURE OF FEDERALISM IN CENTRAL AFRICA: A POLITICO-GEOGRAPHICAL POSTMORTEM

Basic concepts of cultural historical geography have been applied to a variety of community issues in St. Paul, MN. Through the process a sense of place has been developed at several scales. This inclusive sense of place has provided a link among various factions and made possible several compromises in land use and economic development issues. Most of the work was done through undergraduate field seminars.     

中国大陆空间结构分异的进化

在明确决定中国空间分异的三次本性的地理要素的基础上, 以进化经济地理学的观点 进一步分析三次本性在区域发展与演化的作用, 发现第一本性地理要素决定了中国农业的空 间锁定——即秦岭-淮河线和长城一线;随着第二本性对区域经济发展作用不断提高, 原有 的锁定被打破, 中心城市锁定了基本空间格局, 区域出现了中心腹地结构;第三本性促进区 域发生结构变异, 枢纽网络结构被创生出来, 结构发生了突变。另外三次本性在空间上存在 着路径依赖的关系, 第二本性往往最初受到第一本性的推动, 而第三本性往往最初受到第一 本性和第二本性的推动。从宏观上而言, 中国在三次产业进化过程中, 胡焕庸线并没有被打 破, 成为中国区域发展基本的锁定。     

区域不平衡发展研究的区域史视角与经济学视角

对于形成区域不平衡发展的深层原因,代表性的区域史学者和经济学学者,分别从区域发展的整体历史现实和经济理论层面予以解释,施坚雅认为自然地理与古代城市建筑材料,是影响明清时期中国各大区域内形成核心-边缘结构的关键因素;缪尔达尔与赫希曼则认为区域不平衡发展是多种因素循环累积的结果;而克鲁格曼则把偶然因素作为第一推动力,由其所形成的"生产区位"与"需求区位"的循环累积,是促使经济活动在地理空间中形成中心-外围结构的动因;而把"特定地域视为一个整体,全方位地把握它的总体发展"的以布罗代尔为代表的区域整体史观,也有其特殊的借鉴意义.