被断裂破坏的盖层封闭能力评价方法及其应用

断层对盖层的破坏主要表现为两个方面:一是减小了盖层的连续封盖面积,二是减小了盖层的厚度。盖层被断层破坏的主要影响因素有断层的断距、倾角和盖层厚度。通过对影响因素研究,提出了盖层有效断接厚度的新概念和计算方法。根据我国部分与断层有关的大-中型气田气柱高度资料,发现了有效断接厚度与所能封闭的最大气柱高度的对数线性关系,并由此提出了评价被断层破坏的盖层封闭能力的新方法。通过对库车坳陷库姆格列木群膏泥岩盖层的应用研究,所得结论与勘探实践完全吻合,证明所提出的评价方法是可行的。     

稻城冰帽库照日冰碛垄的宇生核素10Be年代测定

沙鲁里山南端的稻城冰帽在第四纪曾发生过大规模的冰川作用,然而,关于冰川作用的年代数据相对较少。选择稻城冰帽南缘库照日附近的3套冰碛垄进行宇生核素10Be的暴露年代测定,研究结果表明:(1)库照日最老冰碛垄(E)的暴露年代为(714±8.0)～(529±8.0)kaBP,D垄的暴露年代为(121±2.9)～(114±2.9)kaBP,DC垄的暴露年代为(47±1.3)～(43±1.3)kaBP。由于宇生核素暴露年代所反映的是冰川消退时的年代,因此,我们结合深海氧同位素的气候特征以及其他测年数据推断,E垄、D垄、DC垄可能是MIS16、MIS6以及MIS3b阶段冰川作用的产物;(2)冰川退却是一种逐步退却的模式。样品E的两次测验结果比较吻合,表明宇生核素10 Be暴露测年方法对冰碛垄形成年代的测定是可靠的,该方法在地貌学和第四纪年代学研究中有着巨大的潜力。     

Reproductive biology of Mustelus lenticulatus from Kaikoura and Nelson

Mustelus lenticulatus is a non‐placental ovoviviparous shark with a gestation period of about 11 months. Young are born at a total length of 30–32 cm from September to December. Copulation, and ovulation of a further set of eggs, rapidly follows parturition. Fecundity increases with the length of the female; the most eggs found in one female was 24; the mean for all females was 10.73.

Males mature at about 85 cm total length and females at 95 cm at Kaikoura. Nelson males probably mature at a smaller size than do Kaikoura males. Nelson females mature at about 85 cm. Maximum observed lengths were 137 cm for females and 115 cm for males.     

Storm-driven shelf-to-canyon suspended sediment transport at the southwestern Gulf of Lions

Shelf-to-canyon suspended sediment transport during major storms was studied at the southwestern end of the Gulf of Lions. Waves, near-bottom currents, temperature and water turbidity were measured on the inner shelf at 28-m water depth and in the Cap de Creus submarine canyon head at 300 m depth from November 2003 to March 2004. Two major storm events producing waves H_s>6 m coming from the E–SE sector took place, the first on 3–4 December 2003 (max H_s: 8.4 m) and the second on 20–22 February 2004 (max H_s: 7 m). During these events, shelf water flowed downcanyon producing strong near-bottom currents on the canyon head due to storm-induced downwelling, which was enhanced by dense shelf water cascading in February 2004. These processes generated different pulses of downcanyon suspended sediment transport. During the peak of both storms, the highest waves and the increasing near-bottom currents resuspended sediment on the canyon head and the adjacent outer shelf causing the first downcanyon sediment transport pulses. The December event ended just after these first pulses, when the induced downwelling finished suddenly due to restoration of shelf water stratification. This event was too short to allow the sediment resuspended on the shallow shelf to reach the canyon head. In contrast, the February event, reinforced by dense shelf water cascading, was long enough to transfer resuspended sediment from shallow shelf areas to the canyon head in two different pulses at the end of the event. The downcanyon transport during these last two pulses was one order of magnitude higher than those during the December event and during the first pulses of the February event and accounted for more than half of the total downcanyon sediment transport during the fall 2003 and winter 2004 period. Major storm events, especially during winter vertical mixing periods, produce major episodes of shelf-to-canyon sediment transport at the southwestern end of the Gulf of Lions. Hydrographic structure and storm duration are important factors controlling off-shelf sediment transport during these events.     

南极洲纳尔逊冰帽的某些动力学特征*

纳尔逊冰帽是南设得兰群岛的一个小冰帽,受海洋性气候影响冰帽上降水丰富,冰温较高。冰帽表面运动速度完全由冰帽表面形态和冰帽底床形态所控制,其中E剖面更为复杂。冰帽驱动应力基本小于100kPa.由V/Z～Za曲线得到在V/7为0.6～3×10^-9范围内的流动参数:n约为1;B≈4.3×10¹⁰dynescm^-2sec.这表明在低应力区,冰体流动更接近牛顿流体。     

构造变形过程中盖层封闭性研究

研究了埋藏—成岩—抬升变形过程中盖层封闭性的演化特点,开展了构造变形过程中盖层破裂实验。认为泥岩在高演化阶段封闭性变差并不具有普遍性,在深埋条件下和构造稳定区,高演化泥岩仍可具有良好的封闭性; 构造抬升是盖层封闭性发生破坏的主要因素; 力学实验表明,膏盐岩盖层在极小的埋深（1000 m左右）下就有很强的塑性,其极限强度很低,应变很大,是优质盖层; 泥岩盖层在浅埋藏条件下,容易产生破裂,但在深埋条件下（围压超过50 MPa）,泥岩表现出塑性流变,仍然具有较好的封闭条件; 泥灰岩破裂强度随着埋深的变化不明显,始终表现为比较强的脆性,高压下容易产生破裂。     

空心微珠轻质保温帽的研制

论述以厚壁空心微珠为基质,研制轻质保温帽。重点阐述原材料的物理化学性质,配料组成的确定,工艺流程。经工业试验,试制出轻质、高强的绝热材料,经济、社会效益显著。为粉煤炭的产品型利用提供新途径。     

页岩气封存顶板变形破裂的机理与数值模拟

由于页岩气赋存机理的特殊性,页岩气成藏受保存条件及顶板类型的影响。封存顶板岩层对页岩气封盖影响极大。本文对页岩气藏封存顶板的破裂机理进行理论分析,并建立模型对顶板进行数值模拟。顶板岩层破裂与注水压力、岩石抗拉强度、地应力有关。封存顶板的破裂机理为压裂初始阶段,储层膨胀变形,封存顶板受压产生剪切裂纹,压裂液进入顶板,当注水压力小于最小主应力时,岩层发生剪切破裂,注水压力达到最小主应力和地应力之和时,岩石发生剪切破裂和张性破裂,裂缝增加并扩展,形成网状体系。数值模拟结果显示,压裂注水会在储层产生水力破坏区域,注水压力升高,水力破坏区域扩大并相互叠加影响,使得水力破坏集中于中间注水口的上部,当顶板岩层内部出现水力破坏区域时,岩石会发生破裂产生裂缝。在储层压裂的整个过程中,开始1h内,裂缝在储层内发展,顶板保持稳定,空隙水压力和变形很小,顶板岩层底部有少量裂纹。压裂2h,顶板底部裂缝增多,岩石空隙水压力上升,且顶板发生变形,中间变形最为明显。压裂3h,裂缝从顶板底部延伸到上部,岩层内部裂缝快速发育,空隙水压力持续升高,变形加大。数值模拟的结果与破裂机理的分析结果相吻合。