干旱荒漠绿洲紫花苜蓿的节水灌溉及水效益分析——以民勤县为例

通过对民勤绿洲区8个紫花苜蓿品种的节水灌溉技术研究, 分析得出紫花苜蓿在刈割前10d灌溉的平均耗水系数比刈割后灌溉的平均耗水系数降低18.6%, 平均水效益提高23.3%; 采用沟畦小块(面积0.03hm²)刈割前10d灌溉的紫花苜蓿平均耗水系数为0.228kg·g^-1, 平均水效益为4.39kg·m^-3, 平均水经济效益为8.78元·m^-3; 是沟畦小块(0.03hm²)灌溉小麦耗水系数的47.2%, 水生产效益的212%, 水经济效益的309%。不同紫花苜蓿品种间水效益的研究表明, 加拿大Ranger Lander、Kane和新疆大叶苜蓿的水效益明显高于对照品种的水效益。同时, 通过对干旱荒漠区水资源紧缺、水资源有效利用率低以及种植业结构不合理的现状分析, 提出了改革种植业内部粮经饲以往的面积比例65:32:3为可行比例1:1:1, 以大力发展优良品种紫花苜蓿草产业为突破口, 走紫花苜蓿产业化道路最终实现高效节水持续农业的对策。     

Phytoremediation of Pyrene Contaminated Soils by Different Plant Species

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present serious problems in the environment because they may affect negatively human health and alter native ecological communities. Phytoremediation has long been recognized as an efficient method of eliminating PAH pollutants from soil. A pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions to investigate the capability of three plant species, Medicago sativa, Brassica napus, and Lolium perenne, to promote the degradation of pyrene by measuring their growth on pyrene‐contaminated soils. After 90 days, pyrene concentration in soils declined by 32, 30, and 28%, respectively, with M. sativa, B. napus, and L. perenne, whereas it decreased only by 18% in the control soil without plants. These results indicated that pyrene was successfully removed by plants used. In particular, M. sativa showed the highest capacity for pyrene dissipation in soil, whereas L. perenne was more efficient in limiting adverse effects of pyrene contamination. In addition, the contaminant pyrene was undetectable in shoots and roots of the three species, likely because plant roots can stimulate soil microbial biomass and oxygen transport to the rhizosphere, thus facilitating indirectly the degradation process of pyrene. Further studies are in progress to evaluate the possible adsorption of pyrene to soil organic matter.     

光温敏核不育水稻幼穗育性转换期蛋白质组的初步分析

为找寻光温敏核不育水稻幼穗与育性调控有关的蛋白质,采用固相pH梯度-SDS聚丙烯酰胺双向凝胶电泳对光温敏核不育水稻(培矮64S)育性转换期幼穗总蛋白进行了分离,获取凝胶图像并进行重复性分析,通过微量测序-Edman降解方法和原位酶解及MALDI-TOF质谱的方法鉴定了60个蛋白质点。结果表明:本方法可得取分辨率和重复性较好的凝胶图谱。蛋白质点在2D胶上的重复性为:沿等电聚焦方向偏差为1.49±0.22 mm,沿SDS-PAGE方向偏差为1.24±0.18 mm。37个蛋白质点得到了准确的鉴定结果,其中16个是差异蛋白质点。在不育变化为可育的过程中,明显表达上调的蛋白质点包括几丁质酶,丙酮酸脱氢酶等;明显下调的蛋白质包括超氧化物歧化酶,硝酸还原酶脱辅基酶蛋白等;金属硫蛋白RicMT只在可育中存在。     

混合盐碱胁迫对紫花苜蓿苗期氮磷吸收及生理特性的影响

以“甘农3号”紫花苜蓿为试验材料,采用营养液沙培试验,用两种中性盐(NaCl和Na₂SO₄)及两种碱性盐(NaHCO₃和Na₂CO₃), 配成5种混合盐A(NaCl:Na₂SO₄=1:1)、B(NaCl:NaHCO₃=1:1)、C(NaCl:Na₂SO₄:NaHCO₃:Na₂CO₃=1:1:1:1)、D(Na₂SO₄:Na₂CO₃=1:1)、E(NaHCO₃:Na₂CO₃=1:1),设4个盐浓度(25、50、100、150 mmol·L^-1)模拟盐胁迫,研究混合盐碱胁迫对紫花苜蓿苗期氮、磷吸收及生理特性的影响。结果表明:随着盐浓度增加,苜蓿根瘤固氮酶活性和植株全氮含量下降,全磷含量无明显变化,而脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均升高,同一盐浓度水平下各处理间其含量的升高顺序为E>D>C>B>A,在高胁迫强度下(150 mmol·L^-1) 除全磷含量外,各项指标增减均达显著水平。混合盐碱胁迫能够对紫花苜蓿根瘤固氮酶组分结构造成不可逆的破坏,使苜蓿自身固氮能力的下降,最终导致植株全氮含量下降。随着盐浓度的上升,植株可以通过提高其体内脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量来维持细胞水势,减少细胞渗透胁迫对植物的伤害。     

The use of live vegetation in geomorphological experiments: how to create optimal growing conditions

There has been increasing use of live vegetation in laboratory experiments, in particular in fluvial geomorphology. The results from these studies have provided useful insight into the role that vegetation plays in impacting and modifying geomorphic systems. However there has been little published on the seed preparation techniques and vegetation growing conditions required for use in these experiments. This commentary presents results from a series of experiments investigating these factors using Medicago sativa and Avena Sativa, with the aim of highlighting the optimal growing conditions found to provide a starting point for researchers interested in implementing these techniques. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

种植苜蓿对土壤肥力的影响

通过对4年生苜蓿地和传统耕地(棉花)表层土壤分层(0～10,10-20,20-30cm)取样分析,从定量的角度研究了不同种植方式对表层土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：与传统耕地相比,4年生苜蓿地在从未施用任何肥料的情况下,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量均比每年都施肥的传统耕地高,且差异显著。与种植棉花相比,种植苜蓿可以降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,显著降低土壤中总盐含量以及氯离子含量,充分表明苜蓿具有改良土壤的特性。但是苜蓿地土壤pH值比棉花地的高,具体原因尚需进一步研究。本研究同时分析了种植苜蓿与传统作物(棉花)对耕层土壤理化性质的影响是否存在垂直分布上的差异,各指标表现不一。     

Response of artificial grassland carbon stock to management in mountain region of Southern Ningxia,China

Grassland is a major carbon sink in the terrestrial ecosystem. The dynamics of grassland carbon stock profoundly influence the global carbon cycle. In the published literatures so far, however, there are limited studies on the long-term dynamics and influential factors of grassland carbon stock, including soil organic carbon. In this study, spatial-temporal substitution method was applied to explore the characteristics of Medicago sativa L.(alfalfa) grassland biomass carbon and soil organic carbon density(SOCD) in a loess hilly region with different growing years and management patterns. The results demonstrated that alfalfa was the mono-dominant community during the cutting period(viz. 0–10 year). Community succession began after the abandonment of alfalfa grassland and then the important value of alfalfa in the community declined. The artificial alfalfa community abandoned for 30 years was replaced by the S. bungeana community. Accordingly, the biomass carbon density of the clipped alfalfa showed a significant increase over the time during 0–10 year. During 0–30 year, the SOCD from 0–100 cm of the soil layer of all 5 management patterns increased over time with a range between 5.300 ± 0.981 kg/m2 and 12.578 ± 0.863 kg/m2. The sloping croplands had the lowest SOCD at 5.300 ± 0.981 kg/m2 which was quite different from the abandoned grasslands growing for 30 years which exhibited the highest SOCD with 12.578 ± 0.863 kg/m2. The ecosystem carbon density of the grassland clipped for 2 years increased 0.1 kg/m2 compared with the sloping cropland, while that of the grassland clipped for 10 years substantially increased to 10.30 ± 1.26 kg/m2. Moreover, the ecosystem carbon density for abandoned grassland became 12.62 ± 0.50 kg/m2 at 30 years. The carbon density of the grassland undisturbed for 10 years was similar to that of the sloping cropland and the grassland clipped for 2 years. Different management patterns imposed great different effects on the accumulation of biomass carbon on artificial grasslands, whereas the ecosystem carbon density of the grassland showed a slight increase from the clipping to abandonment of grassland in general.     

Malachite Green Removal from Aqueous Solution by the Peel of Cucumis sativa Fruit

This study investigates the potential use of activated carbon prepared from the peel of Cucumis sativa fruit for the removal of malachite green (MG) dye from simulated wastewater. The effects of different system variables, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, pH, and contact time were investigated and optimal experimental conditions were ascertained. The results showed that when the amount of the adsorbent increased, the percentage of dye removal increased accordingly. Optimum pH value for dye adsorption was 6.0. Maximum dye was sequestered within 50 min of the start of every experiment. The adsorption of MG followed the pseudo‐second‐order rate equation and fits the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R), and Tempkin equations well. The maximum removal of MG was obtained at pH 6 as 99.86% for adsorbent dose of 1 g/50 mL and 25 mg L^?1 initial dye concentration at room temperature. Activated carbon developed from the peel of C. sativa fruit can be an attractive option for dye removal from diluted industrial effluents since test reaction made on simulated dyeing wastewater showed better removal percentage of MG.     

吉林省西部草业经济发展刍议--以羊草、紫花苜蓿为例

基于实地调查资料的基础上，作者从吉林省西部草业经济发展的必要性入手，着重论述了吉林省西部草业经济发展障碍性因素及其运行机制，认为思想意识与启动资金障碍是关键环节，并针对发现的障碍因素，提出了一系列对策。     

普通栽培稻×小粒野稻F_1酯酶同工酶研究

用二倍体普通栽培稻和异源四倍体小粒野稻及其杂种一代（F1）进行酯酶同工酶测定和主要性状的田间表证。结果表明：普通栽培稻与小粒野生稻由于亲缘关系较远,其遗传基础差异很大,从而致使两者的酯酶同工酶谐相差也很大。两者杂交的F1,集中显示出双亲的所有酶带。F1的酶带是由于双亲互补的多个结构基因通过一系列调控机制而表达的结果。