Accuracy assessment of NLCD 2011 percent impervious cover for selected USA metropolitan areas

The emergence of high-resolution land cover data has created the opportunity to assess the accuracy of impervious cover (IC) provided by the National Land Cover Database (NLCD). We assessed the accuracy of the 900 m² NLCD2011 %IC for 18 metropolitan areas throughout the conterminous United States using reference data from 1 m² land cover data developed as part of the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s EnviroAtlas project. Agreement was assessed from two perspectives: 1) sensitivity to the size of the assessment unit used for the comparison, and 2) utility of NLCD %IC to serve as a proxy for high-resolution IC. The former perspective was considered because statistical relationships can be sensitive to assessment unit size and shape, and the latter perspective was considered because high resolution (reference) %IC data are not available nationwide. The utility of NLCD %IC as a proxy for the high resolution data was assessed for seven lattice (square) cell sizes ranging from 1 ha to 200 ha using four EnviroAtlas IC indicators: 1) %IC per 100 ha (1 km²); 2) %IC by Census block group; 3) %IC within a 15 m (radius) of the riparian zone, and; 4) %IC within a 50 m (radius) of the riparian zone. Agreement was quantified as per assessment unit deviation (NLCD %IC – reference %IC) and summarized as Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and Mean Deviation (MD) both within and across the 18 metropolitan areas. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression (y = reference %IC and x = NLCD %IC) was also used to evaluate the quality of the NLCD %IC data. MAD was ≤ 5% for six of the seven lattice cell sizes. MAD was also ≤ 5% for Census block groups > 100 ha and for both riparian units. These results suggest that uncertainty attributable to the measurement of %IC was no greater than the uncertainty related to the effect of IC on aquatic resources that have been derived from studies of aquatic condition (e.g., benthic fauna) over a range of %IC. Overall, agreement was variable from one metropolitan area to the next. Agreement improved as assessment unit size increased and declined as the level of urbanization (NLCD %IC) increased. NLCD %IC tended to underestimate reference %IC overall, but NLCD %IC was sometimes greater than reference %IC in urbanized settings.     

一种基于MAD改进的GNSS高程时间序列粗差探测方法

针对GNSS高程时间序列中不可避免地含有粗差,以及在非线性、不平稳性的高程时间序列中粗差难以探测的问题,在传统MAD方法基础上,构建一种引入小波分析的WT-MAD粗差探测方法.利用模拟数据和LHAZ、BJFS、TWTF三个IGS站的实测高程数据进行实验,将WT-MAD法与基于最小二乘的3σ法、IQR法和MAD法进行对比...     

地磁匹配中的地磁日变效应

针对目前地磁匹配研究中往往忽略地磁日变的影响,文中分别基于IGRF11模型和MAD匹配算法探讨了地磁匹配中的地磁日变效应.基于IGRF11模型的定性分析表明,地磁日变效应显著,即使在地磁变化较为平缓的区域,地磁日变仍给匹配定位带来较大影响.分别利用地磁平静时期广州、兰州、北京十三陵3个地磁台站分均值数据,基于MAD匹配算法定量分析了地磁日变效应.结果表明,匹配定位误差呈现出类似于日变形态的变化特征,且纬度效应显著,广州台站纬度方向上的最大误差达0.189°,经度误差达0.492°.     

中国旅游业发展与航空运输业关联分析

运用灰色关联分析法,构建了中国旅游业与航空运输业关联度模型,定量分析了中国旅游业与航空运输业关联发展的演变规律及其作用机制。研究表明:14年来中国旅游业与航空运输业关联发展总体上趋于协调和强化,但其时序变动具有明显的波动性和阶段性;中国旅游业与航空运输业的关联作用机制比较复杂,一方面,旅游业与航空运输业相互促进,另一方面,旅游业与航空运输业的关联受外部因素影响较大。     

Statistical analysis of vitrinite reflectance data—a new approach

The reflectance of vitrinite (collotelinite) particles is a widely used parameter as a geothermometer for the estimation of the thermal maturity of organic matter enclosed in rocks. However, several problems have occurred during the last decades, which can be traced back to basically three causes: human mistakes, technical problems, and problems associated with the structural and compositional inhomogeneity of organic matter. Whilst in most cases the first two types of uncertainties can be handled by standardization, the third can cause significant problems during interpretation due to its generally inestimable character. The suppression of vitrinite reflectance and statistical problems originated from small sample size, and outliers belong to this latter type.International standards, such as the ASTM and the ISO, define the vitrinite reflectance parameter as a statistical average of measured data, disregarding the fact that the average is an unresisting and unrobust statistical parameter. In other words, the average is very sensitive to outliers and distribution.The aim of this research was to find and test a better, more resistant, and robust statistical parameter used by traditional parametric and nonparametric statistics, which can be applied in practice instead of the average. Three categories of statistical problems were studied on coal and disperse organic matter (DOM) samples: the distribution of measured values, the effect of data number, and the effect of outliers on statistical parameters. The statistical experiments carried out on numerous original and generated sample sets show that the median (med) and the most frequent value (Mn), a special weighted average, are better parameters to estimate the thermal maturity of organic matter especially above 1% reflectance value.     

火成岩组合与构造环境:讨论

讨论了不同构造环境下的火成岩组合:(1)洋中脊扩张,(2)洋岛,(3)岛弧,(4)MORS型和SSZ型蛇绿岩,(5)活动大陆边缘弧,(6)与俯冲作用有关的火成岩弧的组成极性,(7)大陆碰撞,(8)大陆裂谷,(9)稳定的克拉通或地台等环境的火成岩组合。强调不同作者采用不同的参数坐标定义的拉斑玄武岩系列(TH),钙碱性系列(CA)和碱性系列(A)等学术含义的差别,指出不要因为在语言书写上的相同混淆了它们在学术含义上的差别,而造成有关构造环境识别的误解。探讨了识别洋中脊扩张型(MORS)和洋俯冲带上面(SSZ)蛇绿岩(套)在火成岩组合上的差别。基于高温高压实验成果,提出定义高镁安山岩(HMA)时,对应于w(SiO2)的w(MgO)的最低值(表2)。讨论了镁安山岩—英安岩(MAD)和埃达克岩(adakite)的术语,建议采用Kay(1978)的镁安山岩—英安岩来定义(而不是用adakite来定义)俯冲洋壳板片局部熔融产生的岩浆,认为具高Sr/Y,低FeO/MgO,高MgO,高Ni,Cr的镁安山岩—英安岩才能满足板片熔浆(slab-melt)特征的要求,而不是只强调高Sr/Y这个指标。根据有关大陆碰撞造山的不同分类方案及其术语的确切含义,强调了后造山与大陆裂谷环境的A型/r的识别在于前者与CA/r共生,后者则无CA/r共生,A与CA的学术含义是Peacock钙碱指数的分类。