柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖的地球化学演化与古气候变化

１９９０年用铀系年代学及古地磁对昆特依盐湖沉积物进行年代测定，探讨该湖区地球化学演化与古气候变化关系。结果表明，该区最老的盐层形成于早更新世晚期（大于７３０ｋａ），大量的盐类沉积则始于３００ｋａ左右；盐湖沉积物中元素含量变化主要受古盐度、矿物、类质同象和吸附控制；沉积物水溶Ｆ／Ｃｌ比值与古盐度成反比关系；该湖２０００ｋａ以来的古环境演变：盐层形成于干冷、偏酸性的氧化环境，泥岩层形成于湿暖、偏碱性的     

新疆S214公路台特玛湖干涸湖盆段风沙危害及防治

新疆S214（考干-米兰,考米线）公路位于库鲁克塔格沙漠东南缘,穿越台特玛湖干涸湖盆。由于该区气候干旱,风力强劲,沙源丰富,流动沙丘广布且快速移动,风沙危害对公路运输构成严重威胁。通过对风沙环境和风沙危害定位观测和土壤水盐特征系统调查,确定了风沙危害极为严重的公路区段,提出了合理的风沙防护措施及防沙体系结构。结果表明：该区具有明显的单风向风况,主要盛行ENE和NE风,偶有反向风沙活动,起沙风频率、输沙势、输沙率极高,属于高能-大比率风能环境;受土壤水分、盐分含量影响,地表紧实度差异较大,部分地段为极疏松的沙层,部分地段为紧实的盐壳;S214公路风沙危害防护区段为K4+900~K18+200,设计建造的阻-固-输相结合的机械-植物复合防沙体系,防沙效果明显,保障了道路安全运营。这一强风沙、高盐区公路防沙体系建设模式可为类似环境地区工程防沙提供借鉴。     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖磁化率特征及古气候意义

昆特依盐湖是柴达木盆地盐湖演化和古气候研究的重要对象。前人对昆特依盐湖钻孔的年代学和地球化学组成特征开展过一些研究,但由于采样间距大,限制了对成盐演化过程的深入理解。目前关于昆特依盐湖磁化率特征的研究尚未见报道。对昆特依盐湖ZK1402钻孔(35 m深)的14C年代和磁化率进行了初步研究。结果表明:1)钻孔由含盐碎屑层和盐层的互层所组成。盐层的低频磁化率值低,含盐碎屑层的低频磁化率值高。低频磁化率清晰地记录到古盐湖经历了4次显著的成盐期。钻孔的低频磁化率和高频磁化率的变化极为相似。2)低频磁化率和频率磁化率(百分比形式)呈负相关关系。3)钻孔9.6 m深处的加速器质谱(AMS)14C校正年代为23 333±255 cal a BP,24.8 m深处的年代为31 780±442 cal a BP,33.0 m深处的年代(19 259±207 cal a BP)出现倒转。钻孔24.8 m和33.0 m深处的14C年龄可能被低估。     

Interaction between aeolian, fluvial and playa environments in the Permian Upper Rotliegend Group, UK southern North Sea

The Permian Upper Rotliegend Group in offshore UK Quadrants 42, 43, 47 and 48 comprises a sequence of mixed aeolian/fluvial/playa deposits. These deposits are up to 300 m thick and contain a record of the interaction between desert fluvial systems and adjacent aeolian and playa environments. The relative dominance of water vs. wind transport and deposition in this stratigraphic package was a function of fluctuations in the discharge of ephemeral fluvial systems and changes in water table/playa level driven by a combination of climatic change and syndepositional tectonics. The Rotliegend sedimentary record is punctuated by numerous surfaces recording erosion by wind and water. The origin of these surfaces is mostly climatic, with periods of increased runoff resulting in fluvial incision, especially near active faults. During periods of reduced runoff, wind erosion of fluvial deposits occurred, with fluvially derived sand being reworked into expanding aeolian dune fields. Wind erosion also occurred as a rising water table isolated dunes from their sediment supply, resulting in deflation of dunes down to the water table. These surfaces formed in a basin that was subsiding. Thus, even in a background of overall increasing accommodation space, climatically driven falls in the water table allowed for periods of erosion. The occurrence of significant erosion, especially near syndepositional fault zones, resulted in a sedimentary record that shows pronounced lateral as well as vertical facies variations.     

应用核磁共振技术分析干盐湖地区地下卤水空间分布特征——以昆特依干盐湖为例

昆特依干盐湖位于柴达木盆地西北部,为特大型综合盐类矿床.大盐滩是昆特依干盐湖内最大的盐滩,地下赋存有一定量的卤水矿床,但该矿床的水文地质条件差,主要卤水矿层含水性弱,开采难度大.核磁共振找水方法作为当今世界上唯一的直接找水地球物理新方法,具有高分辨力、高效率、信息量丰富和解的唯一性等优点,本文运用该方法对昆特依干盐滩地区地下卤水空间分布特征进行研究,通过对核磁共振数据进行处理与反演,结合已有的地质与钻井资料,对测点进行综合地质-地球物理解释,获得以下认识:1)大盐滩0~130 m深度范围内,共存在3个卤水含水层,主要呈扁平状或漏斗状、近似层状展布,W1为晶间潜卤水层,渗透系数较大,颗粒较粗,单位体积含水量为0.4%~2.7%,W2和W3为晶间承压卤水层,渗透系数较小,颗粒较粗,单位体积含水量分别为0.2%~1.1%和0.1%~0.8%;2)大盐滩地区存在两个卤水富集区,分别为研究区西南部沉积盆地中心的Ⅰ号富卤区和盆地东北部的Ⅱ号富卤区;3)根据区域内卤水富集分布以及构造情况,划定大盐滩向斜沉积中心、大盐滩北侧F1~F8及遥F6断裂发育区和冷湖构造带为区域内主要的找矿找水远景区;4)GMR核磁共振系统在干盐滩地区理论探测深度为130 m,该系统不仅可以有效地探测自由水,而且可以依据束缚水的分布解译地下各类含水盐类矿物和含水黏土矿物的存在与分布.     

罗布泊盐湖"大耳朵"盐盘特征、成因及古环境意义

干盐湖蒸发岩沉积是干旱内陆封闭盆地的主要成盐模式,其地表盐壳沉积特征、蒸发盐类矿物具有明显的分带性.罗布泊干盐湖,保存了完整的"耳轮"型环状沉积模式和演化序列,在世界干盐湖中实属罕见.通过对罗布泊"大耳朵"干盐湖区多级环状亚沉积环境下发育的盐壳地貌、沉积结构、龟裂形态、矿物组成以及地下卤水的地表排泄情况进行地面调查和实...     

Surface and subsurface sedimentary structures produced by salt crusts

The growth and subsequent dissolution of salts on or within sediment may alter sedimentary structures and textures to such an extent that it is difficult to identify the depositional origin of that sediment and, as a result, the sediment may be misinterpreted. To help to overcome such problems with investigating ancient successions, results are presented from a comprehensive study of the morphology and fabrics of three large areas of modern salt flats in SE Arabia: the Sabkhat Matti inland region and the At Taf coastal region, both in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and the Umm as Samim region in Oman. These salt flats are affected by tidal‐marine, alluvial and aeolian depositional processes and include both clastic‐ and carbonate‐dominated surficial sediments. The efflorescent and precipitated salt crusts in these areas can be grouped into two main types: thick crusts, with high relief (>10 cm) and a polygonal or blocky morphology; or thin crusts, with low relief (<10 cm) and a polygonal or blister‐like appearance. The thin crusts may assume the surface morphology of underlying features, such as ripples or biogenic mats. A variety of small‐scale textures were observed: pustular growths, hair‐like spikes and irregular wrinkles. Evolution of these crusts over time results in a variety of distinctive sedimentary fabrics produced by salt‐growth sediment deformation, salt‐solution sediment collapse, sediment aggradation and compound mixtures of these processes. Salt‐crust processes produce features that may be confused with aeolian adhesion structures. An example from the Lower Triassic Ormskirk Sandstone Formation of the Irish Sea Basin demonstrates how this knowledge of modern environments improves the interpretation of the rock record. A distinctive wavy‐laminated facies in this formation had previously been interpreted as the product of fluvial sheetfloods modified by soft‐sediment deformation and bioturbation. Close inspection of laminations seen in core reveals many of the same sedimentary fabrics seen in SE Arabia associated with salt crusts. This facies is the product of salt growth on aeolian sediment and is not of fluvial origin.     

Playa‐lake sedimentation and organic matter accumulation in an Andean piggyback basin: the recent record from the Cuenca de Pozuelos,North‐west Argentina

Expansive playa‐lake systems situated in high‐altitude piggyback basins are important and conspicuous components of both modern and ancient cordilleran orogenic systems. Extant playa lakes provide vital habitat for numerous endemic species, whereas sediments from these deposystems may record signals of climate change or develop natural resources over geological time. Laguna de los Pozuelos (North‐west Argentina) provides the opportunity for an actualistic sedimentological and geochemical assessment of a piggyback basin playa lake in an area of critical interest for understanding Quaternary palaeoclimate dynamics. Silty clays and diatom ooze are the dominant playa‐lake centre microfacies, with concentrations of total organic carbon and biogenic silica commonly exceeding 1·5 wt% in this sub‐environment. Elemental and stable isotopic analyses point to a mixed organic matter composition in the playa‐lake centre, with substantial contributions from algae and transported aquatic macrophytes. Bulk sediment and organic mass accumulation rates in the southern playa‐lake centre approach 0·22 g cm^?2 year^?1 and 2·89 mg cm^?2 year^?1, respectively, indicating moderately rapid deposition with negligible deflation over historic time. Playa margin facies contain higher percentages of fragmented biogenic carbonate (ostracods and charophytes) and inorganically precipitated aragonite crusts due to seasonal pumping and evaporation of ground water. Organic matter accumulation is limited along these heavily bioturbated wet and dry mud flats. Fluvial–lacustrine transitional environments, which are key waterbird habitats, are either silty terminal splay (northern axis) or sandy deltas (southern axis) containing highly oxidized and partially allochthonous organic matter. Modern analogue data from Laguna de los Pozuelos provide key insights for: (i) environmental reconstructions of ancient lake sequences; and (ii) improving facies models for piggyback basins.     

试论钾盐矿床的成矿条件

钾盐是钾肥的主要原料。钾盐矿床一直是我国地质找矿的重点。世界钾盐矿床研究表明,钾盐矿床比其它盐类矿床需要更为“苛刻”的成矿条件,表现在大地构造条件、岩相古地理条件、气候条件、生物化学沉积条件、物源条件、干盐湖条件等。研究并总结世界钾盐矿床成矿条件,对在中国进一步找寻钾盐矿床具有重要的借鉴意义。     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖磁化率特征及古气候意义

昆特依盐湖是柴达木盆地盐湖演化和古气候研究的重要对象。前人对昆特依盐湖钻孔的年代学和地球化学组成特征开展过一些研究,但由于采样间距大,限制了对成盐演化过程的深入理解。而且,目前关于昆特依盐湖磁化率特征的研究未见报道。本文对昆特依盐湖ZK1402钻孔(35 m深)的₁₄C年代和磁化率进行了初步研究。结果表明：(1)钻孔由含盐碎屑层和盐层的互层所组成。钻孔的低频磁化率和高频磁化率的变化极为相似。盐层的低频磁化率值低,含盐碎屑层的低频磁化率值高。低频磁化率清晰地记录到古盐湖经历了四次显著的成盐期。(2)低频磁化率和频率磁化率(百分比形式)呈负相关关系。(3)钻孔24.8 m深处的加速器质谱(AMS)₁₄C校正年代为31780 ± 442 cal a BP,33.0 m深处的年代(19259 ± 207 cal a BP)出现倒转,表明钻孔下部的₁₄C年龄可能受到现代碳污染而接近饱和。