失水过程中的土壤孔隙比―含水量―吸力关系

当土体总应力状态保持不变时,基质吸力的提高是导致孔隙水排水、土样体积收缩、孔隙结构改变的根本原因,通过吸力可以将土壤收缩曲线和土水特征曲线联系起来进行比对研究。采用广义有效应力原理分析超固结土样和正常土样的失水过程,结果表明:超固结土样中存在着相应的先期固结压力的吸力值,称之为先期固结吸力ψc。当土样吸力小于ψc时,超固结土样和正常固结土样的收缩曲线、土水特征曲线不同:超固结土孔隙比随吸力提高而减小的坡度较缓,约等于土样的回弹再压缩指数,土样处于结构性收缩阶段;先期固结压力越大,土水特征曲线的进气值越高。当土样吸力高于ψc时,超固结土样和正常固结土样的收缩曲线、土水特征曲线重合。     

Numerical simulation of crack formation process in clays during drying and wetting

Clays generally crack upon drying and the cracks gradually close up because of expansion of the clays induced by rainfall infiltration. Based on the concept of air drainage ratio, we introduce an improved simplified consolidation theory for unsaturated soils and apply it to solve the crack formation problem. We present initial conditions, special consideration, and finite-element (FEM) formulations for simulation of cracks under axisymmetric conditions. Similar to finding solutions for sand-well consolidation problems, a prism of clays surrounded by polygonal distributed cracks is simplified as a cylinder. Numerical simulations using the FEM formulations are performed on the processes of crack occurrence, propagation, and closure during drying and wetting. To investigate the influence of air drainage ratio distribution, three different schemes are adopted for computation. It is found that the behaviour of cracks in clays during drying and wetting can be well represented using the approach proposed in the paper. The simplified consolidation theory used in the paper for unsaturated soils is more suitable for crack analysis than the general consolidation theory currently applied.     

无水氯化锶的制备工艺研究

依托青海锶资源优势,以次等品碳酸锶和工业盐酸为原料,制备了无水氯化锶。并对除钡、除铁、除硫、脱水干燥等工艺进行了研究。产品能达到一般工业品的要求。氯化锶的制备不仅丰富我省锶产品的种类,而且增加了锶资源企业的抗风险能力。     

常州晾晒气象指数的探讨

确立以日蒸发量来作为描述可晾晒程度的物理量。根据日蒸发量与日最高温度、日平均相对湿度等诸多因子的相关性，进行回归计算，建立其预报方程。通过数轴凝聚,对1998、1999年常州市气象站的逐日蒸发量的变化范围并结合天空状况等因素进行分类，以此作为晾晒指数等级的标准。将方程结果与标准相对照，即可得到次日的晾晒指数等级和相应决策。     

Bestimmung geringer Wassergehalte in getrocknetem Klärschlamm mit Hilfe der Karl-Fischer-Titration

Determination of Low Water Contents in Dried Sludge with the Help of Karl Fischer Titration The accomplished investigations lead to the conclusion that direct water detection in sludge is impossible. This is due to the numerous possible reactants present. Even the extraction of the water by an inert solvent did not permit any realistic deductions. The water detection in sludge requires an external extraction. This may be realized by means of an additional extracting gas or the gaseous phase of the Karl Fischer reagent. The latter method was realized with the apparatus made by the company ECH Elektrochemie Halle. This alternative offers the benefit of avoiding a separate desiccation of the extracting gas. By means of a temperature gradient, the optimum heating conditions for the extraction of water from sludge may be determined. As there are only small quantities of water to be detected in the dried sludges, the best possible method seems to be microcoulometry.     

干湿循环对合肥马鞍山路膨胀土强度特性的影响

膨胀土属高塑性黏土,是一种典型的非饱和土,性质极不稳定,其吸水膨胀、失水收缩、干缩裂隙发育等特性常常使建筑物产生不均匀的胀缩变形,造成在膨胀土地基上的建筑物位移、开裂、倾斜,甚至破坏,是一种典型的工程灾害性地质土。另外,膨胀土边坡也常由于雨水的作用失稳,造成不必要的损失。近年来,对膨胀土的强度和变形特性的研究已成为热点。其最大的特点是：在季节气候的影响下其强度特性具有明显的规律变动。通过模拟土体季节性的干缩湿胀,测定其自由膨胀率、液塑限、抗剪强度和无侧限抗压强度,并与掺入7％石灰后的改良土的试验数据及其他试验资料对比,探讨干湿循环效应对膨胀土强度的影响。     

基于超微型贯入试验的黏性土干燥过程中结构强度演化规律研究

研究土体结构强度对了解土体开裂破坏过程和预防相关工程地质问题有重要意义。以南京地区下蜀土为对象,采用超微型贯入试验方法,分析了试样在干燥过程中的结构强度演化特征。结果表明:所采用的超微型贯入试验方法为定量研究土体在干燥过程中结构强度的演化规律提供了可行的途径,该方法具有操作简单、精度高和含水率适应范围大等优点; 在干燥过程中,当试样处于高含水率阶段时(w24.27%),剖面上的结构强度基本保持一致,空间差异性较小; 在低含水率阶段(w24.27%),试样结构强度空间差异性显著增强,随深度的增加,结构强度呈递减趋势并逐渐趋于稳定; 总体上,土体的结构强度在干燥过程中随平均含水率的减小呈指数递增趋势,这主要是由于土体水分蒸发导致吸力增加,土颗粒之间的作用力增强。此外,由于土体发生收缩变形,土体孔隙比减小,土颗粒间联接点增加,也会对结构强度产生贡献。     

Effects of coal storage in air on physical and chemical properties of coal and on gas adsorption

This paper investigates changes in the high-volatile bituminous Lower Block Coal Member from Indiana owing to moisture availability and oxidation in air at ambient pressure and temperature over storage time. Specifically, it investigates changes in chemistry, in surface area, and pore structure, as well as changes in methane and carbon dioxide adsorption capacities. Our results document that the methane adsorption capacity increased by 40%, whereas CO₂ adsorption capacity increased by 18% during a 13-month time period. These changes in adsorption are accompanied by changes in chemistry and surface area of the coal.The observed changes in adsorption capacity indicate that special care must be taken when collecting samples and preserving coals until adsorption characteristics are measured in the laboratory. High-pressure isotherms from partially dried coal samples would likely cause overestimation of gas adsorption capacities, lead to a miscalculation of coal-bed methane prospects, and provide deceptively optimistic prognoses for recovery of coal-bed methane or capture of anthropogenic CO₂.     

干燥脱水过程中纤维加筋固化淤泥的强度特性

淤泥是一种天然含水率高且力学性质极差的固体废弃物,采取有效的技术方法进行快速脱水和增强可以实现淤泥资源化和高效利用。选取离散短丝聚丙烯纤维作为加筋材料,水泥和粉煤灰作为固化材料,通过开展无侧限抗压试验,研究了纤维加筋固化淤泥在干燥路径中强度的变化,并分析了干燥过程中不同目标含水率状态(分别为45%,40%,35%,30%,25%,20%,15%,10%和5%)和纤维掺量(0~0.8%)对加筋固化淤泥强度的影响机理。结果表明:①纤维的加入能有效提高固化淤泥的峰值强度和残余强度,且强度值随纤维掺量的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,最优纤维掺量为0.1%;②干燥脱水过程中,试样的无侧限抗压强度随含水率的减小近似于线性增加,破坏形式由塑性破坏逐渐向脆性破坏过渡,而纤维的加入可以有效抑制试样的脆性破坏,提升试样的韧性;③纤维加筋对固化淤泥强度的贡献随含水率的减小而逐渐增加,根本原因是纤维—淤泥界面作用力在低含水率条件下能得到更佳的激发。     

Strength Characteristics of Fiber Reinforced Solidified Sludge During Drying

Sludge is a kind of solid waste with high natural moisture content and extremely poor mechanical properties. Adopting effective technical methods for rapid dewatering and increasing strength is an important prerequisite for realizing the utilization and efficient utilization of sludge resources. In this paper, discrete short-staple polypropylene fiber was selected as the reinforced material, cement and fly ash were used as the solidified materials. The unconfined compression test was carried out to study the strength change of the fiber reinforced solidified sludge in the drying path, and the drying was analyzed. The influence mechanism of different target moisture content states(5 \mathrm{\%} ~45 \mathrm{\%} ) and fiber content(0~0.8 \mathrm{\%} ) on the strength of reinforced solidified sludge during the process. The results show that: \mathrm{①} The addition of fiber can effectively improve the peak strength and residual strength of solidified sludge, and the strength value increases first and then decreases with the increase of fiber content, and the optimal fiber content is 0.1 \mathrm{\%} . \mathrm{②} During the drying process, the sample of the unconfined compressive strength increases with the decrease of the moisture content of approximate to linear, and the damage form by the plastic damage to brittle fracture transition gradually, and the addition of fibers can effectively restrain the brittle failure sample, enhance the toughness of specimen. \mathrm{③} The contribution of fiber reinforcement to the strength of solidified sludge increases gradually with the decrease of moisture content, and the root cause is that the fiber-sludge interface force can be better excited under the condition of low moisture content.