沙坡头人工植被固沙区天然降水的入渗和分配研究

土壤、植被冠层与大气界面间(SVAT)物质传输过程日益成为水文学研究最感兴趣的领域,降水量的迁移与转换是非灌溉区SVAT主要的物质传输过程.干旱半干旱区稀疏灌丛蒸散量占降水量的90%以上,因此对降水入渗与水分在土壤内植物根际区再分配的研究显得十分重要.试验于2001年8月17日至9月30日在中国科学院沙坡头试验站进行,主要观测人工植被荒漠灌木柠条(Caragana korshinskii) 灌丛固定沙丘降水入渗与再分配过程.结果表明:在7次不连续降水过程中,土壤入渗深度与降水强度呈简单线性相关关系,土壤入渗速率约为降水强度的10倍.当次降水过程中降水强度小于0.46 mmh-1时,土壤入渗速率约为0 cm*h-1,此时的降水对沙区土壤基本上没有水分补给作用.受荒漠灌木柠条根系吸水作用的影响,其根系密集剖面深度40～140 cm内降水水分入渗积累不明显.降水入渗速率及入渗深度受土壤剖面初始含水率多寡而变化,干燥土壤剖面有助于提高瞬时入渗速率.降水以后随着时间的推移,人工固沙区微环境内空气温度、湿度等气象条件适宜,柠条生长进入相对旺盛阶段,其根系密集层140 cm深度处土壤含水率在总体上下降的过程中,表现出昼消夜长的趋势,试验期间翌日 8:00时土壤含水率值略高于前一日20:00时水分值 0.1%～0.3%.     

植物加固路堤边坡浅层土体分析及工程应用

在总结植物加固黄土路堤边坡浅层土体的机理之后,结合宝中铁路实际工程,对紫穗槐和柠条两种植物的加固效果进行了详细的分析。     

沙坡头没蒿和柠条叶片δ13C 和 N 含量的季节变化特征

通过对腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头人工固沙区油蒿和柠条叶片稳定碳同位素分辨率（△）和N 含量的测定，研究了不同种植方式下油蒿和柠条叶片△ 和 N 含量的季节变化及其关系。结果表明：在不同种植方式下，两种植物的△ 与 N 含量在不同月份之间均存在显著差异。油蒿叶片 △ 极显著高于柠条的：在不同种植方式下，油蒿单种下 △ 显著高于混种，柠条则反之。 油蒿叶片 N 含量极显著低于柠条的：不同种植方式下柠条叶片 N 含量无显著差异，而单种油蒿叶片 N 含量则显著低于混种。在 △ 与 N 含量的关系中，柠条叶片 △ 与 N 在两种生境、单种和混种下均极显著正相关，雨明柠条叶片 N 含量可以作为其 △ 与 N 含量的季节变化及其关系在不同微生境有所差异。     

毛乌素沙地锦鸡儿（Caragana）根系微域细菌群落多样性特征

基于16S rRNA高通量基因测序技术,对毛乌素沙地小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla)、柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）根系微域（即根系、根际土、根区土、灌丛间空白土）间的细菌群落多样性和结构差异性进行表征。本研究对各根系微域间细菌群落的Alpha多样性指数进行了单因素方差分析以及基于OTU水平的PCA分析,探究其在根系微域间Alpha和Beta多样性的层级变化,证实了有关植物根系微域生态位分化的报道,并发现锦鸡儿属植物根系微域间细菌群落的多样性和结构组成随着4个微域类型由外及内呈现出显著的层级差异性（P<0.05）。通过对优势细菌群组的结构组成分析,发现锦鸡儿属植物对特定细菌群组具有显著的向根系内筛选富集的作用（P<0.05）。这种植物通过根系微域对特定细菌群组的逐级筛选富集作用,是导致锦鸡儿属植物灌丛下不同生态位间细菌群落结构和组成发生层级变异的主要原因。     

黑沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)对羊柴(Hedysarum laeve)及柠条(Caragana intermedia)的化感作用

采用生物测定方法,研究了黑沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)叶水浸液对生态相关种羊柴(Hedysarum laeve)与柠条(Caragana intermedia)种子萌发与幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明:黑沙蒿叶水浸液可抑制羊柴种子萌发与幼苗生长,抑制作用随浓度的升高逐渐加强;幼苗形态指标对叶水浸液作用较为敏感,敏感程度为苗干重苗鲜重根鲜重根长苗高根干重;丙二醛含量综合化感效应指数值明显大于其他指标,相对电导率也表现出较敏感的抑制效应。黑沙蒿叶水浸液对柠条种子萌发存在低促高抑作用;对幼苗形态指标综合化感效应表现为促进,促进作用随浓度的升高逐渐减弱,根鲜重、根长与苗干重为较敏感指标;对生理指标化感综合效应表现为抑制,抑制作用随浓度升高而增强,相对电导率是最敏感的指标,丙二醛含量指标也较敏感。由此推断,对膜系统的伤害可能是黑沙蒿化感物质多种效应的生物起点。     

小叶锦鸡儿离体叶片对温度处理的某些生理响应

小叶锦鸡儿离体叶片分别经25、30、35、40、45、50、55℃等7个温度处理60min后, 测定了其光系统Ⅱ最大量子效率(F_v/F_m)和脯氨酸含量的响应。结果表明, 25~40℃的温度对F_v/F_m没有明显影响; 温度高于40℃, 首先使光合作用通过光系统Ⅱ的电子传递受到不同程度的阻抑; 当温度高于50℃, 使叶片光系统Ⅱ反应中心失活或破坏, 即小叶锦鸡儿叶片光系统Ⅱ反应中心可耐受的最高温度为50℃, 温度再高, 将对叶片造成高温伤害。另外, 在耐受范围内, 叶片中的脯氨酸含量可能表征了叶片遭受温度胁迫的程度。     

湿润条件下几种锦鸡儿属灌木的气体交换特征及调节机制

土壤水分充足时柠条、中间锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿的Pn、E和Gs均大幅度提高,Pn和Gs值的大小顺序为:中间锦鸡儿>小叶锦鸡儿>柠条,E值的大小顺序为:柠条>中间锦鸡儿>小叶锦鸡儿。柠条一日内的Fv/Fo、Fm/Fo和Fv/Fm值最高,日间没有明显的降低;中间锦鸡儿的上述各项荧光参数值最低,且在13:00~ 17:00出现"低谷",说明发生了明显的光合作用光抑制;小叶锦鸡儿各项测值的大小和波动幅度居于两者之间;3种灌木的光抑制均可在黄昏得到恢复。3种灌木的Chl以中间锦鸡儿为高,柠条和小叶锦鸡儿相近;Car的日均值仍以中间锦鸡最高,柠条和小叶锦鸡儿则相近。一日内以柠条的水势最低且波动平缓;中间锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿的水势较高,日间降幅较大,在15:00~ 17:00降至最低。柠条脯氨酸含量在日间明显增加,中间锦鸡儿稍有增加,小叶锦鸡儿则不明显;3种灌木的脯氨酸含量依次为柠条>中间锦鸡儿>小叶锦鸡儿。     

利用梯度分析技术对12种锦鸡儿属植物抗旱性的定量研究

利用梯度分析技术对锦鸡儿属12种植物8个生理指标进行分析, 计算出了植物的抗旱梯度值; 建立了抗旱梯度轴; 排出了植物的抗旱性顺序; 并指出了影响植物抗旱能力的主导因子。植物的抗旱梯度值与束/自比之间呈线性相关, 相关系数为0.9204, 相关方程为y=1.5696+0.0911x。     

The response of Caragana microphylla seedlings to water table changes in Horqin Sandy Land, China

This paper focuses on the growth response of Caragana microphylla seedlings to changes of artificially controlled water table in Horqin Sandy Land, China. Monitoring results of soil water content shows that soil moisture is closely correlated to groundwater depths. Soil volumetric water increased rapidly when close to water sources and finally stabilized in a saturated state. The soil moisture trend of CK(control) increased gradually at 0–50 cm of soil depth then decreased to 4% below 50 cm soil depth. C. microphylla can adapt to different soil environments by changes in ecological and physiological characteristics. By comparing the ecological characteristics of C. microphylla seedlings at various water tables, we found that a shallow water table of 40 cm depth inhibited seedling growth because of weak ecological characteristics. A groundwater depth of 120 cm was more advantageous for plant height and canopy growth of C. microphylla seedlings. During the first two years, the most suitable water depth for root biomass was 120 cm, and 180 cm for root length. The growth of vertical roots is positively correlated with groundwater depth, and root thickness is the determinate factor for root biomass while the fine root is the determinate factor for root length. A thick root would grow much more in a natural drought environment while access to ground water promotes the growth of fine roots.     

Effects of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Physical Properties in the Wind–Water Erosion Region of the Northern Loess Plateau of China

In the northern Loess Plateau that has been severely affected by wind–water erosion, shifts from arable land to forest or grasslands have been promoted since 1998, using both native and introduced vegetation. However, there is little knowledge of the ecological consequences and effectiveness of the vegetation restoration in the region. Therefore, relationships between watershed‐scale soil physical properties and plant recovery processes were analyzed. The results show that soil physical properties such as bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, mean weight diameter, and the stability of >1 mm macro‐aggregates have been significantly ameliorated in the 0–20 cm soil layer under secondary natural grasslands. In contrast, re‐vegetation with introduced species such as Caragana korshinskii or Medicago sativa had adversely affected the soil physical properties, probably due to the deterioration of soil water conditions and lower organic matter inputs resulting from severe erosion. Reductions in bulk density and increases in saturated hydraulic conductivity could be used as indicators of soil structure amelioration since they are closely related to most other measured properties. Practical considerations for future re‐vegetation projects are suggested, particularly that native species with lower water consumption rates than the introduced species should be used to avoid further soil degradation.