ASM1中污水水质参数与化学计量系数的估测

简要介绍了活性污泥1号模型中14个污水水质参数与5个化学计量系数的估测方法和典型取值。     

小冰期十年际尺度亚洲季风变化的四川黑竹沟洞石笋记录

基于四川省黑竹沟洞一支石笋（编号：EB1）高精度²³⁰Th年龄和氧同位素数据,建立小冰期时期（1375~1810A.D.）气候变化时间序列。该序列δ¹⁸O值变化范围为-10.37‰~-8.58‰,敏感响应于区域气候变化过程。高分辨率δ¹⁸O变化序列能清晰地捕捉到10年际尺度振荡旋回。该石笋记录根据δ¹⁸O值变化可分为4个阶段：1375~1540A.D.和1680~1780A.D.时段,δ¹⁸O值整体偏负,指示季风增强时期;1540~1680A.D.和1780~1810A.D.时段,δ¹⁸O值整体偏正,处于弱季风阶段。与贵州董哥洞、甘肃万象洞和印度Jhumar洞石笋记录对比发现在小冰期时期δ¹⁸O变化特征具有一定的相似性,表明上述区域降水可能共同受控于印度季风水汽输送影响,反映了区域性夏季风经向环流及其降水变化特征。通过EB1石笋记录与北半球温度曲线的对比发现,两者在百年尺度上同相位变化,可能指示北高纬气候的控制作用。而该石笋与秘鲁东北部Cascayunga洞石笋记录的进一步对比结果显示亚洲季风与南半球季风记录呈反相位关系,证实了ITCZ位置的南北移动在半球间能量传递和交换过程中的重要作用。功率谱分析结果显示小冰期季风波动具有显著的25a和9a周期旋回,接近太阳黑子22a和11a周期频率,表明太阳活动变化可能是小冰期十年际尺度亚洲季风波动的重要驱动因素。

     

RXTE ASM的双SSC联合直接解调成像

利用直接解调成像方法对ＲＸＴＥ ＡＳＭ两个指向相同的扫描阴影照像机（ＳＳＣ）的观测,数据进行了联合成像分析,对Ｃｒａｂ天区的研究结果表明,联合成像对源的分辨能力比单ＳＳＣ成像有进上步提高,并且还对银心附近含多个源的一个天区进行了联合成像,分别计算了成像所得的３个Ｘ射线源的强度和位置坐标,并利用源与源之间的位置关系对ＲＸＴＥＡＳＭ定位定标中可能存在的系统误差作出估计,发现以直接解调成像法所得强源的定     

甘肃张掖白垩纪早Aptian期黑色页岩揭示的气候岁差驱动及其意义*

白垩纪中期是温室气候的典型代表,在该时期地球经历了深刻的环境变化。有研究表明白垩纪中期欧洲低纬(约20°~30°N)地区海相地层的黑色页岩呈现斜率信号,同一时期同样纬度的中国地区以陆相沉积为主,但陆相低纬黑色页岩的轨道尺度周期研究较少。因此本研究选择甘肃张掖南台子白垩纪早Aptian期下沟组黑色页岩(古纬度约23°N)作为研究对象,以CaCO₃含量作为高分辨率古气候替代性指标,利用平均频谱拟合差和年代标尺优化法分析了南台子早Aptian期下沟组黑色页岩段的轨道周期变化,并利用频谱分析方法对调谐后的时间域序列进行分析。结果显示南台子下沟组黑色页岩段以岁差周期为主导,与欧洲低纬地区相关研究显著不同。这一气候变化的探索不仅提供了中国西北地区白垩纪轨道尺度气候变化的新证据,而且也有助于更全面认识白垩纪中期低纬地区气候变化的驱动机制。     

Comparisons of Soil Moisture Datasets over the Tibetan Plateau and Application to the Simulation of Asia Summer Monsoon Onset

The influence of soil moisture on Asian monsoon simulation/prediction was less studied, partly due to a lack of available and reliable soil moisture datasets. In this study, we firstly compare several soil moisture datasets over the Tibetan Plateau, and find that the remote sensing products from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) can capture realistic temporal variations of soil moisture better than the two reanalyses (NCEP and ECMWF) during the pre-monsoon season...     

实现遥感相机自主辨云的小波SCM算法

随着遥感相机分辨力的提高和幅宽的增大,星上固存和数传带宽面临巨大的挑战。提出一种多分支云判别算法,可控制相机在有云区关机停拍。首先利用计算量较小的光谱阈值判别法对云和地物粗略分类,在不能确定云或地物时,采用纹理分析方法判别。为减小误判可能,算法采用小波SCM提取纹理特征,并提出一种基于ASM和熵的双判别方式。通过对24．5幅遥感图像进行试验验证,证明该算法能快速准确识别云层和地物,总误判率小于5％。     

The Leading Mode of Indian Ocean SST and Its Impacts on Asian Summer Monsoon

The Indian Ocean （IO） sea surface temperature （SST） was analyzed by using empirical orthogonal function （EOF）, and the leading mode of Indian Ocean （LMIO） SST was extracted. The major spatial and temporal characters of LMIO were discussed, and the relationships between LMIO with Indian summer monsoon （ISM） and with China summer rainfalls （CSR） were investigated, then the impacts of LMIO on Asian summer monsoon （ASM） circulation were explored. Some notable results are obtained： The significant evolutional characters of LMIO are the consistent warming trend of almost the whole IO basin, the distinctive quasi-3- and quasi-ll-yr oscillations and remarkably interdecadal warming in 1976/1977 and 1997/1998, respectively. The LMIO impaired the lower level circulation of ISM and was closely related with the climate trend of CSR. It was associated with the weakening of South Asian high, the easterly winds south of the Tibetan Plateau, and the cross-equatorial flows over 10°-20°N, 40°-110°E at the upper level; with the strengthening of Somali cross-equatorial jet but the weakening of the circulation of ISM in the sector of India, the strengthening of south wind over the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and South China but the weakening of southwesterly winds over North China at lower level and with the increasing of surface pressure over the Asian Continent. Changes in the moisture flux transports integrated vertically over the whole troposphere associated with LMIO are similar to those in the lower level circulation. To sum up, the significant SST increasing trend of IO basin was one of the important causes for weakening of the ASM circulation and the southwards shifting of China summer rainband.     

Asian Hydroclimate Changes and Mechanisms in the Preboreal from an Annually‐laminated Stalagmite,Daoguan Cave,Southern China

One-year-resolved and annually-counted stalagmite multi-proxies(δ~(18)O, δ~(13)C, and layer width) from Daoguan Cave, Guizhou Province revealed detailed variability regarding the Asian Summer Monsoon(ASM) and local humidity across Bond events(BE) in the Preboreal. During BEs 8 and 7, 1.5‰ enrichments in δ~(18)O values were generally consistent with high-to low-latitude climate changes. In detail, the decadal-scale minor δ~(18)O oscillations in BE8 were broadly less than the mean value, in contrast to the significant changes in local soil moisture derived from the δ~(13)C values and layer records. In the mid-BE7, δ~(18)O variability was generally above the average level, and higher-amplitude variations were observed in the three proxy indicators. Wavelet analysis on the total δ~(18)O time series and across the specific time windows of BEs 8 and 7 identified periodicities of about 130, 60, and 20-a, respectively. Exceptionally strong in BE7, the 60-a cycle, pervasively observed in instrumental studies, became prominent starting at 11.4 kaBP. Thus, glacial background conditions are important for suppressing the ASM intensity in BE8, while during BE7, tropical hydrological circulations were potentially actively involved. Consequently, climate internal oscillations, analogous to modern conditions, might have occurred in the distant past once the link between the tropical ocean and atmosphere was established as occurs today.     

From ‘criminals of the earth’ to ‘stewards of the environment’: The social and environmental justice of Fair Trade gold

The recent emergence of the Fairtrade certification of gold in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa promises a radical new direction for the environmental governance of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM). In doing so, it aims to tackle the longstanding environment and development challenges of the sector which mainstream policy has failed to alleviate. The move towards more responsible ASM practices is premised on the strategic deployment of a Fair Trade discourse that argues for its operators to be recognized not as criminals, but as valued and formalized parts of their broader economies. It is argued in this paper that this development intervention should be read within a social and environmental justice framework, one which directly answers the call from political geography for ‘compelling accounts’ of positive representations of the sector.Through a discourse analysis of 10 years of media reports, interviews and recorded life histories of key ASM and Fair Trade stakeholders in Tanzania, it shows how three strands of justice (conceptualized in terms of fairer distribution, procedure and recognition) are articulated by the Fair Trade gold movement and critically assesses the politics behind such a deliberate strategy. In particular, it argues that recognition is a key part of justice that has been underplayed by erstwhile analyses of Fair Trade. Through a case study of Tanzania, it is concluded that although significant progress has been made in terms of arguing for greater recognition for ASM operators, there remains a need to better link discourse with practice in establishing greater distributional justice.     

Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in sub-Saharan Africa: Re-conceptualizing formalization and ‘illegal’ activity

This article contributes to the debate on the formalization of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) – low-tech, labour-intensive mineral extraction and processing – in developing countries. A unique sector populated by an eclectic group of individuals, ASM has expanded rapidly in all corners of the world in recent years. Most of its activities, however, are informal, scattered across lands which are not officially titled. But growing recognition of the sector's economic importance, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, has forced donors, and to some extent, policymakers, to ‘rethink’ development strategies for ASM. As part of broader moves to improve the regulation of, and occasionally intensify the delivery of assistance to, the sector, many are now searching frantically for fresh ideas on how to bring operations into the legal domain, where, it is believed, they can be regulated, monitored and supported more effectively. A challenging exercise, this entails first determining, with some degree of precision, why people choose to operate informally in this sector. Drawing on analysis from the literature and findings from research conducted in Ghana and Niger, it is argued that the legalist school (on informality) in part explains how governments across sub-Saharan Africa are ‘creating’ bureaucracies which are stifling the formalization of ASM activities in the region. A more nuanced development strategy grounded in local realities is needed if formalization is to have a transformative effect on the livelihoods of those engaged in ASM in the region and elsewhere in the developing world.