AVHRR分裂窗算法反演高山草甸地表温度精度评估

利用理塘县高山草甸地表温度实测数据,分析6种常用AVHRR分裂窗算法的精度,为青藏高原地区地表温度的卫星反演提供技术支持.结果表明：6种常用AVHRR分裂窗算法反演地表温度与实测值之间有很好的线性正相关关系,反演温度与实测温度最大偏差3.36K,最大平均绝对误差2.25k,最小平均绝对误差0.77K.给出了反演高山草甸地表温度的AVHRR分裂窗算法建议.     

CO2 Flux Estimation by Different Regression Methods from an Alpine Meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

CO2 efflux was estimated using different regression methods in static chamber observation from an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The CO2 efflux showed a seasonal pattern, with the maximun flux occurring in the middle of July. The temperature sensitivity of CO2 efflux (Q10> was 3.9, which was at the high end of the range of global values. CO2 emissions calculated by linear and nonlinear regression were significantly different (p<0.05). Compared with the linear regression, CO2 emissions calculated by exponential regression and quadratic regression were 12.7% and 11.2% larger, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in temperature sensitivity values estimated by the three methods. In the entire growing season, the CO2 efflux estimated by linear regression may be underestimated by up to 25% compared to the real CO2 efflux. Consequently, great caution should be taken when using published flux data obtained by linear regression of static chamber observations to estimate the regional CO2 flux in alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

Systems of agriculture farming in the Uttranchal Himalaya,India

Agricultural practices are the main stay of the people of Uttranchal. Out of the total population,more than 75% people are engaged either with the main occupation of agriculture or its allied practices,dominated by traditional subsistence cereal farming.Among them, the main crops are rice, wheat, millet,barley, all types of pulses, all types of oilseeds and almost all types of fruits. The crops, vegetables and fruits of all varieties are grown in the different climatic zones such as tropical, temperate, and cold because, the region is characterized by the different altitudinal zones elevated from 200 m to more than 8000m. As a result, different climates are found from hot tropical to sub temperate and chilly cold. Pulses varieties are grown extensively. Among vegetables,potato, onion, carrot, all types of green leaf vegetables,brinzal, pumpkin, ladyfinger, pea, gram, radish,ginger, garlic, etc, are grown widely. All fruit varieties are grown in the different altitudinal zones. The mainfruits are orange, malta (a big size of orange),elephant citrus, lemon and all other types of citrus,apple, stone fruits including peach and pears, manykinds of nuts, and the fruits which are grown in the low lying areas. In spite of feasible climatic conditions,agricultural dominant society, and availability of all types of crops, the production and productivity of these crops are very low, even they are unable to meet the grain-need of the people in Uttaranchal. Agricultural crops are grown almost in all the altitudinal zones -- from the low-lying areas, which are called ‘Ga. ngarh‘, to the highly elevated region,where the legendary term is given as ‘Danda‘. The growing seasons vary according to the heights. The present paper aims to discuss the agricultural practices including cropping season, cropping pattern,land use, production of cropsagricultural system in thisand ecological aspect of Himalayan state and suggest some measures for developing farming system,which could lead the sustainability, in terms of meeting the food grain needs of the people on the one hand and restoring the ecological balance on the other.     

青藏高原东坡高原草甸近地层气象要素与能量输送季节变化分析

本文简要介绍了青藏高原东坡理塘大气综合观测站的情况。利用该站2007~2008年观测资料,分析比较了青藏高原东坡地区高原草甸下垫面情况下近地层气象要素及能量输送的季节变化特征。结果表明：理塘地区近地层气象要素及能量输送的季节变化显著,具有明显的水热同期特点。各个季节近地层气象要素和湍流通量,如风、气温、感热通量、潜热通量等,日变化显著。风速、动量通量、摩擦速度等要素的平均日最大值和最小值分别出现在下午和日出前。比湿的峰值出现在日出前。辐射和热平衡分量的日均最大值与最小值分别出现在正午及日出前。地表热源强度分析表明,理塘白天为热源,在春夏秋三季夜间为弱的热源与冷源交替出现。在雨季,潜热输送在陆气间热量交换过程中占主导作用,感热输送是次要的;干季的结果与雨季相反,感热是首要的。     

Soil Erosion and Vegetation Succession in Alpine Kobresia Steppe Meadow Caused by Plateau Pika A Case Study of Nagqu County, Tibet

This paper evaluated the impacts of mounds created by the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on the vege- tation composition, structure, and species diversity of an alpine Kobresia steppe meadow in Nagqu County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Based on mound height or the depth of erosion pit, we defined five stages of erosion and compared the floristic features of communities at these stages with those in undisturbed sites. In the study area, the mounds and pits covered up to 7% of the total area. Lancea tibetica, Lamiophlomis rotata, and Potentilla bifurca were the dominant species in erosion pits, and Kobresia pygmaea, the dominant species in undisturbed sites, became a com- panion species in eroded areas. In the process of erosion, the original vegetation was covered by soil ejected by the pika, then the mounds were gradually eroded by wind and rain, and finally erosion pits formed. The vegetation coverage in- creased with increasing erosion stages but remained significantly lower than that in undisturbed sites. Improved coverage eventually reduced soil erosion, and pit depth eventually stabilized at around 20cm. Aboveground biomass increased with increasing erosion stage, but the proportion of low-quality forage reached more than 94%. The richness index and Shannon-Wiener index increased significantly with increasing erosion stage, but the richness index in mound and pit areas was significantly lower than that in undisturbed sites.     

山西关帝山森林上限附近植被的性质与空间格局

山西关帝山是中国暖温带落叶阔叶林区域第四高峰，对气候指标的推算表明，关帝山主峰孝文山接近气候意义的林线，对其森林上限附近植被空间格局和性质的分析有助于认识中国东部暖温带高山林线的形成机制。通过野外调查和植被数量分析，探讨了关帝山森林上限附近植物群落的类型、植物群落与环境的关系、植物种类多样性的梯度、植被的性质等理论问题，初步得出：（1）气候和地形条件共同决定关帝山森林上限附近的植被格局；（2）对植被性质的分析表明，关帝山山顶植被为亚高山灌丛和亚高山草甸，不具备高山带的性质，验证了根据气候数据进行的推断；（3）关帝山森林上限附近植物物种多样性随海拔增加而上升，不同于暖温带具有高山带的山地。     

滇西北亚高山草甸退化梯度上马蹄黄地上形态特征变化

马蹄黄(Spenceria ramalana)是滇西北亚高山草甸的旅游景观资源,其地上形态特征随草甸退化梯度的变化趋势尚少见报道。于2018年7月在香格里拉市调查、对比了3个退化梯度(一级退化,DI;二级退化,DII;无退化对照,CK)上马蹄黄的植株高度、展度、叶片数量、叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶面积、叶片长宽比和生存状态。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,DI和DII梯度上马蹄黄的植株高度、展度、叶片数量、叶片长度、叶片宽度和叶面积均显著减小(P<0.05);(2)DII梯度上马蹄黄的叶片长度、叶片宽度和叶面积显著高于DI梯度(P<0.05);(3)CK、DI和DII中马蹄黄的叶片长宽比分别为3.5±0.3、2.9±0.4和2.3±0.1,叶片形状由倒披针形向倒卵形过渡;(4)DI、DII和CK中马蹄黄的生存状态指数分别是0.12、0.23和0.63。     

秦岭中段现代和古代冰缘──冰川地貌特征

现代气候条件下，秦岭中部（３３°５８＇Ｎ／１０７°４５＇Ｅ）３４００ｍ以上存在一具有冰缘地貌特征和冰川作用的高山草甸环境。冰冻泥流斜坡、千奇百怪的砾石和无植被覆盖的冰冻泥流、各种形式的冰阶和冰坎以及石环和石多边形等，组成了目前冰缘环境的地貌特征。在３４００ｍ以上发现了高山永久性冻土。通过冰蚀漏斗和冰融四地，证明在２９００～３３００ｍ之间秦岭中部存在一晚更新世时期的冰融地区。根据古冰斗和冰碛的地貌形态调查及形态测量分析，可得出如下假设：在拔仙台、酉跑马梁附近当时存在一个晚更新世时期的小冰盖，冰盖边缘派生了５个小的外流冰舌。在拔仙台附近的沟谷里一些冰碛地貌存在于２５００ｍ以上。笔者根据调查结果，划分了两个晚更新世时期的冰期，即太白Ⅰ和太白Ⅱ冰期。在这两个冰期之间，估计存在一间冰期。晚更新世３２５０～３３００ｍ的冰川雪线高度是根据太白Ⅰ冰期冰碛位置得出的。同目前所推测的现代冰川雪线位置相比，形成的雪线下降大约在１０００～１３００ｍ之间，没有观察到全新世冰川遗迹。     

黑河高山草甸冻土带水热传输过程

以黑河源区高山草甸冻土带的基本气象参数、植被参数和土壤水热性质参数为输入条件,利用CoupModel模型计算了试验点两个完整年度日尺度上的各种基本水热状况,计算结果较符合实测值(7层地温和土壤液态含水量平均R2分别为0.95和0.83).利用模型输出的土壤热通量和土壤水迁移分析了试验点季节性冻土区的水热传输过程:在土壤层开始冻结期,下层土壤液态水向冻结锋面集结,集结期向上的地热通量急剧增加;在冻结期,土壤热传导主要与上下层的土壤温度有关,土壤水迁移基本处于零通量状态;在融化期,在融化锋面未出现液态水分集结现象,融化层土壤水热传输过程迅速改变并与非冻结土壤一致,向下的地热通量急剧增加.