海晏县冬季适宜日放牧温度指标研究

在参考相关文献的基础上,将11—3月划定为海晏县的冬季,并按畜牧业生产实际和寒冷程度变化,以月份为单位依次划分为初冬、前冬、隆冬、后冬和晚冬5个阶段。海晏县冬季各月平均气温均在0℃以下,12月和1月-10℃,1月最低;月平均最高、最低气温的变化趋势与月平均气温具有同步性。另通过资料分析建立了冬季白天平均气温与日最高气温相关模式,并根据可操作性原则,将放牧温度的适宜性划分为适宜、较适宜、不适宜三个等级,分析得出各阶段适宜放牧天数在50%左右,较适宜放牧天数约占30%,不适宜放牧天数约20%。     

放牧对浑善达克沙地丘间低地植被群落及土壤的影响

为探究放牧对丘间低地植被群落及土壤的影响,分析了浑善达克沙地丘间低地在重度和轻度放牧下植被的地上生物量、物种重要值、物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson生态优势度指数及0~10 cm土壤中黏粒、粉粒、砂粒、有机碳和全氮含量。结果表明：（1）植被地上生物量、土壤黏粒、粉粒、砂粒、土壤有机碳和全氮含量在不同放牧程度下存在极显著差异（P<0.01）,物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数在不同放牧程度下差异不显著（P>0.05）,Simpson生态优势度指数在不同放牧程度下差异显著（P<0.05）。（2）放牧区植被以禾本科为主,禾本科植被地上生物量占整个植被群落的54.88%~57.76%;重度放牧区植被地上生物量为63.59 g·m^-2,比轻度放牧区低26.61%。（3）羊草（Leymus chinensis）和狗尾草（Setaria viridis）是放牧区的优势种,其重要值依次为14.16%（重度放牧区）和19.10%（轻度放牧区）、13.40%（重度放牧区）和15.42%（轻度放牧区）,重度放牧下雾滨藜（Bassia dasyphylla）、克氏针茅（Stipa krylovii）和猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）的重要值较显著高于轻度放牧区,而羊草则低于轻度放牧区。（4）重度放牧加剧了土壤沙漠化,使砂粒含量增加,草地生产力下降,土壤有机碳和全氮含量降低。     

Ingestion of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachionus plicatilis</Emphasis> under different microalgae conditions

The effects of four microalgae,Chlorella vulgaris,Platymonas helgolandicavar,Isochrysis galbana,and Nitzschia closterium on the grazing and filtering rates of the marine rotifer,Brachionus plicatilis,were evaluated under laboratory conditions.The grazing rates in separate cultures of the four microalga were as follows:C.vulgaris > P.helgolandicavar > I.galbana > N.closterium.However,the filtering rates occurred in the following order:P.helgolandicavar > N.closterium > C.vulgaris > I.galbana.A mixed diets ex...     

澜沧江上游德钦县亚高山、高山草地群落类型及其特点

摘要：采用样方调查方法获得94个草地群落样方,对澜沧江上游德钦县亚高山、高山草地群落类型及其特点进行了初步分析。结果表明,该县亚高山、高山草地群落类型存在20个类型。在放牧干扰下,大多数群落类型处于退化状态,相互之间存在明显的群落替代关系;调查发现群落中每平方米内平均含8种草本植物,平均盖度62．4％,地上平均生物量是4859kg／hm^2,平均可食率为61．5％;鸢尾群落、牛旁群落和小狼毒群落是草地严重退化后形成的典型有毒害群落类型;长期的高强度放牧虽然增加了群落类型多样性,但减少了群落内物种多样性。总体而言,长期的放牧干扰降低了德钦草地的生物多样性的质量及其生态服务功能,导致草地生态系统的非持续发展。     

不同生态系统CO2通量和浓度特征分析研究

本文利用1993～1994年日本国家农业环境研究所与中国科学院沙漠研究所合作在内蒙古奈曼地区实测的7种不同生态系统（沙丘、轻度放牧草原、中度放牧草原、重度放牧草原、无放牧草原、玉米田和大豆田）的净辐射、土壤热通量、两个高度的CO2浓度、温度、湿度和风速等资料，采用空气动力学方法，计算了CO2通量及其与环境和人为干扰因子的关系，并分析了不同下垫面的光合作用特征. 结果表明：各种下垫面CO2通量的共同特点是：在白天，CO2通量和梯度的输送方向是从大气向植被，在中午（11～13时）输送达到负的最大值； 在夜间，CO2通量和梯度输送方向与白天相反，是从植被向大气，在早晨（3～5时）达到正的最大值. 植被覆盖率及生物量不同的下垫面光合作用强度有明显差异，天气状况对光合作用也有一定影响.     

Study of Aerodynamic Parameters on Different Underling Surfaces

Aerodynamic parameters including the zero-plane displacement (d), roughness length (20), and friction velocity (u*) on the different underlying surfaces of heavy-grazing site, medium-grazing site, light-grazing site, no-grazing site, dune, inter-dune, grassland, rice paddy site, wheat site, soybean site, and maize site have been computed based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory by utilizing the micrometeorologically observed data of dune and vegetation in the semi-arid area at Naiman, Inner Mongolia of China, conducted jointly by the Institute of Desert Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences of Japan in 1990-1994. And their relationships between wind speed and Richardson number are analyzed. The aerodynamic characteristics of different man-made disturbed grassland ecosystems are also compared. Result shows that the vegetation coverage and the above-ground biomass decrease with the increase in man-made stress of the grassland. The roughness length for different underlying surfaces is closely related to vegetation height, above-ground biomass, and ground surface undulation, and Richardson number Ri is also its influencing factor. The friction velocity varies largely on different underlying surfaces, and it is positively proportional to wind speed and roughness length. The aerodynamic parameters of various times on the same underlying surface are different, too. Above results indicate that grassland and vegetation are of significance in preventing desertification, especially in the arid and semi-arid land ecosystems. And the results of this paper are also important for constructing the land surface physical process as well as regional climate model.     

基于地理加权随机森林的青藏地区放牧强度时空格局模拟

精确刻画放牧强度时空格局是深刻理解青藏地区高寒草地服务功能动态及其驱动机制的重要基础,对辅助制定区域生态安全和可持续发展战略具有意义。基于牲畜年末存栏量、牧区人口密度、生长季NDVI、年降水量、年平均气温和居民点分布等数据,采用地理加权随机森林模型,模拟了2000年、2010年和2020年3期青藏地区放牧强度的空间格局,并定量评价了环境因子对放牧强度空间分布解释性的区域差异。结果表明：(1)地理加权随机森林模拟结果可精细地刻画青藏地区放牧强度的空间特征,与经典随机森林模型相比,判定系数更高,平均绝对值误差和均方根误差更低。(2)青藏地区放牧强度呈现东南高、西北低的基本特征,其中,西北部地区放牧强度低于25羊单位/km²的区域约占青藏地区面积的1/2。(3)与2000年和2010年相比,2020年青藏地区放牧强度呈现总体下降、局部抬升的态势;其中,较2010年,2020年放牧强度下降超过1羊单位/km²的区域占牧区面积的61.69%。(4)牧区人口密度是解释放牧强度空间异质性最主要的因素,其相对重要性呈现西高东低的特征,而降水量和生长季NDVI...     

Soil and vegetation seasonal changes in the grazing Andean Mountain grasslands

Andean grasslands ecosystems are fragile environments with rigorous climatologic conditions and low and variable food for the grazing. The Apolobamba area is located in the Bolivian Andean Mountains. Its high grasslands provide a natural habitat for wild and domestic camelids such as vicuna（Vicugna vicugna） and alpaca（Lama pacos）. The botanical diversity plays an essential role in maintaining vital ecosystem functions. The objectives of this research were to determine the seasonal changes in soil properties, to study the vegetation changes during the wet and dry seasons and the influence of soil properties and camelid densities on the vegetation in the Apolobamba grasslands. Four zones with different vicuna populations were selected to be studied. The following soil parameters were determined： total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, pH and texture. The vegetation season changes were studied through botanical identification, above-ground biomass, plant cover and species richness. Results showed that some soil properties such as C/N ratio, CEC, silt and clay percentages kept stable against the seasonal changes. Generally, soil nutrients were relatively higher during the dry season in the surface and subsurface. The results did not point out the predominant vegetation growth during the wet season. The seasonal vegetation growth depended on each species. Thegood soil fertility corresponded to the highest plant cover. Soil fertility presented no influence on the above-ground biomass of the collected species. The negative influence of camelid grazing on soil properties could not be assessed. However, overgrazing could affect some plant species. Therefore, protection is needed in order to preserve the biodiversity in the Andean mountain grasslands.     

Sustainability of transhumance grazing systems under socio-economic threats in Langtang,Nepal

The decline or loss of traditional social- ecological systems may induce adverse effects to the societies and ecosystems. Transhumance, the recurring and seasonal movement of grazing livestock, is increasingly constrained by a numbers of factors including policy, land use and soeio-economic changes in Nepal. To explore how these changes have affected the transhumance, this study investigated transhumance at the Langtang valley in central Nepal. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the herd size and composition, spatial-temporal patterns and to identify the major drivers of the system and the system changes. Data were collected from field study comprising semi-structured interviews with the herders, focus group discussions, key informants survey, and observations of rangeland and livestock management systems. The study revealed that the transhumanee system in the Langtang is influenced by two types of drivers. In one hand, traditional practices are contributing to the sustainability of the system. On the other hand, the grazing patterns and adaptive responses are strongly influenced by changes in government policies, socioeconomic and cultural transformation, livestock productivity, markets, rangeland conditions and climate change. The findings of this study help with the development and implementation of transhumance management policy for the sustainability.     

牦牛和藏绵羊粪便降解过程中的养分动态变化

放牧牲畜排泄物是青藏高原高寒草地生态系统的一种重要养分来源,对于维持草地土壤肥力和植被生产力具有重要意义。采用尼龙网袋法监测了两种主要放牧牲畜牦牛和藏绵羊粪便干物质量及主要养分含量在降解过程中随时间的动态变化特征。结果表明,牦牛和藏绵羊粪便在经过93 d的降解后,干物质量分别减少了30.9%和21.6%。到试验期末,牦牛粪便全碳和全氮含量显著降低,其值降至初始的81.8%和79.2%,而全磷和全钾的变化则不显著,表明碳氮减少量较磷和钾更为明显。藏绵羊粪便全碳和全钾含量在试验期末降至初始的87.7%和72.6%,差异具有极显著性,但全氮和全磷减少不显著。牲畜粪便在一个生长季内的降解和养分释放量较少可能使得其对土壤和植被产生的潜在生态环境效应具有滞后性。放牧过程中,牧民少量捡拾牲畜粪便用作生活资料将有利于维持高寒草地生态系统的养分平衡和可持续发展。