Heavy metal contamination in the sediment of the Second Songhua River

The Second Songhua River was subjected to a large amount of untreated effluent from petrochemical industries in Jilin City in the 1960s to the 1970s. The objectives of this study were to investigate the mercury and other heavy metal contamination in the sediment of the river. The river bottom sediment was sampled from the river segment between Jilin City to Haerbin City in 2005. Total concentrations of Hg, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, As, Sc, and major cations （A1, Fe, Mg, Ca, K, Na） in the sediment were measured by atomic fluorescence spectrometer, ICP-MS, and ICP-OES, respectively, following digestion with various acids. We found the concentrations of most elements in the uncontaminated sediment were significantly correlated to those of Sc.     

The acid neutralizing capacity （ANC） of South Africa＇s freshwater ecosystems

Acidification is considered the most important one of the primary chemical stress factors that impact on freshwater ecosystems. In unpolluted freshwater systems, the primary controls on the degree of acidification are factors such as the geological substrate of the catchment area, the presence of organic acids secreted by vegetation in the river system, and equilibrium exchange of carbon dioxide with the atmosphere. Anthropogenic factors that can impact on the degree of acidification of freshwater systems include agricultural, mining and industrial activities, either through direct runoff into river systems or through deposition of atmospheric pollutants from these sources. The capacity factors alkalinity and acidity, which represent the acid- and base-neutralizing capacity （ANC and BCN） of an aqueous system, have been used as more reliable measures of the acidic character of freshwater systems than pH. Unlike pH, ANC and BNC are not affected by parameters such as temperature and pressure. Therefore, ANC has been employed as a predictor of biological status in critical load assessments. Freshwater systems with ANC＇s eq/L isμeq/L are considered sensitive to acidification, ANC=0 μbelow 150 commonly used as the predictor for fish species such as trout in lakes, and an eq/L as more realistic for streams. Acid-neutralizing capacity μANC value of 40 （ANC） can be determined by titration with a strong acid to a preselected equivalence point. Alternatively, it can be calculated as the difference between base cations （[BC]） and strong acid anions （[SAA]）： ANC=[BC]- [SAA]=[Ca^2＋]＋[Mg^2＋]＋[Na^＋]＋[K^＋]-[SO4^2-]-[NO3^-]-[Cl^-] To date, there has been no attempt to establish the ANC of South Africa＇s freshwater ecosystems or variability therein, despite the fact that long-term water quality monitoring data exist for all the parameters needed to calculate it according to the above equations. As a result, the relationship between the acid neutralizing capacity of freshwater ecosystems in South Africa and biodiversity factors, such as fish status, is unknown. Results of the first comprehensive （country-wide scale） evaluation of the acid neutralizing capacity of river systems in South Africa will be presented. Long-term monitoring data obtained from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry （DWAF） from most of South Africa＇s river systems were used to establish geographic and temporal variabilities in ANC. The results show that the Berg and Breede River systems are most susceptible to acidification, and that geological substrate appears to explain most of the geographic variabilities observed.     

我国湿地面积亚洲第一

近期完成的全国首次湿地资源调查显示，我国现有湿地面积3848万hm^2，居亚洲第一位，世界第四位。     

雾的成因及其危害

雾是自然界的一种常见天气现象,它是由地表蒸发出来的水分子受冷空气影响凝聚而成的小水滴或冰晶汇集而成,其水平能见度在1000m以下。当水平能见度在50～200m之间时,称为浓雾。根据成因的不同,雾一般可分为辐射雾、平流雾、蒸汽雾、上坡雾、锋面雾等。陆地上最常见的是辐射雾。这种雾是空气因辐射冷却达到过饱和而形成的,主要发生在晴朗、微风、近地面、水汽比较充沛的夜间或早晨。这时,天空无云阻挡,地面热量迅速向外辐射出去,近地面层的空气温度迅速下降。如果空气中水汽较多,就会很快达到过饱和而凝结成雾。平流雾则是当温暖潮湿的空气流…     

单线河流的绘制算法

本文在分析平行线，台阶式平行线的绘制方法的基础上，讨论了用基于角平分线渐粗（细）绘制单线河流的方法，从理论上解决了用台阶式平行线拟合渐粗（细）线绘制单线河流的问题。     

动态分级法在蛤蟆河流域水石流分区与评价中的应用

本文在简述水石流影响因素的基础上，利用动态分级法，选取固体碎屑物储量，支沟纵坡比降，形成区坡度，植被覆盖率作为评价因子，对蛤蟆河流域３４条水石流支沟进行了活跃度分区与评价。     

对“对‘径流的趋势分析和概率预测’一文的商榷”的答复

承蒙崔振才、田文苓两同志对“径流趋势分析和概率预测”一文提出了讨论意见。     

广州珠江西航道,流溪河有机污染特征与感潮作用

珠江西航道和流溪河在广州市区上游，为广州市主要水源区。由于感潮作用，受市区严重污染的水体因涨潮上溯而上游传输。严重影响上游水质。因此，弄清感潮作用对广州水源区水质的影响程度和范围，对水源保护与利用有重要意义。本研究从下游到上游，对水源区底泥中有机物特征进行了分析，结果表明：（１）从上游到上游，受感潮作用影响逐渐减小，污染程度逐渐减轻；（２）水源区有机物特征呈有规律变化。从靠近城市的下游到远离城市的