Sea ice characteristics between the middle Weddell Sea and the Prydz Bay, Antarctica during the austral summer of 2003

The antarctic sea ice was investigated upon five occasions between January 4 and February 15, 2003. The investigations included: (1) estimation of sea ice distribution by ship-based observations between the middle Weddell Sea and the Prydz Bay; (2) estimation of sea ice distribution by aerial photography in the Prydz Bay; (3) direct measurements of fast ice thickness and snow cover, as well as ice core sampling in Nella Fjord; (4) estimation of melting sea ice distribution near the Zhongshan Station; and (5) observation of sea ice early freeze near the Zhongshan Station. On average, sea ice covered 14.4% of the study area. The highest sea ice concentration (80%) was observed in the Weddell Sea. First-year ice was dominant (99.7%-99.8%). Sea ice distributions in the Prydz Bay were more variable due to complex inshore topography, proximity of the Larsemann Hills, and/or grounded icebergs. The average thickness of landfast ice in NeUa Fjord was 169.5 cm. Wind-blown snow redistribution plays an important role in affecting the ice thickness in Nella Fjord. Preliminary freezing of sea ice near the Zhongshan Station follows the first two phases of the pancake cycle.     

南极威德尔海周边雪冰和大气气溶胶中的MSA,nssSO_4~(2-)浓度及其比率研究

分析了威德尔海周边雪冰和大气中ＭＳＡ和ｎｓｓＳＯ２－４浓度资料。结果表明,威德尔海是造成这一地区大气中高含量生物硫化物的“源”,其周边岛屿及冰架表层雪冰记载和反映了大气中生物硫化物的空间分布和季节变化特点。源区产出硫化物的强度存在显著差异：靠近南极半岛一侧高于靠近Ｆｉｌｃｈｎｅｒ－Ｒｏｎｎｅ冰架一侧。尽管诸多因素对输运和沉降过程发生影响,表层积雪ＭＳＡ和ｎｓＳＯ２－４浓度仍呈现出很有规律性的空间分布：随沉降地点离海距离和海拔高度的增加,浓度值递减;但在一定海拔之下,“高程效应”不显著。冰芯中ＭＳＡ浓度垂向分布显示出季节分配“滞后”现象,在表层表现为受天气条件制约的输运过程造成的相位差,在深层则归因于有待验证的“迁移”机制作用的结果。大气和雪冰样品对比研究结果表明,在类似威德尔海这样的高纬地区,大气中的ＳＯ２－４和ＭＳＡ“信号”在雪冰样品中会遭到不同程度的减弱。但就空间变化趋势和季节分布而言,表层雪冰仍是大气中组分（在本文是ＳＯ２－４和ＭＳＡ）的良好载体。十分接近的大气和雪冰ＭＳＡ对ｎｓｓＳＯ２－４（或ＳＯ２－４）比率证实,这两种大气组分在由大气洗净和沉降到冰雪过程中只发生微弱的分离作用。这也就是大气和雪冰中     

南极威德尔海冬季冰脊形拖曳力

利用2006年南极威德尔海冬季科学考察期间由机载激光高度计测得的海冰上表面形态数据,以拖曳分割理论为基础研究了冰脊形拖曳力及其对冰-气总拖曳力的贡献以及中性条件下对应10 m高度处风速的冰-气拖曳系数C_dn(10)。结果显示,在密集冰区,冰脊形拖曳力及其对总拖曳力的贡献随冰脊强度(脊高/脊距)的增大呈递增趋势,而随粗糙长度的增大而减小,对应于威德尔海冬季典型冰脊强度和粗糙长度,占总拖曳力的35%,说明了冰脊形拖曳力在冰-气界面动量交换中的重要作用。C_dn(10)随冰脊强度的增大而增大,但冰脊强度较小时,C_dn(10)随粗糙长度增大而增大;而对较大的冰脊强度,C_dn(10)则随粗糙长度增大而减小。     

威德尔海的地形地貌特征及主控因素

威德尔海是南极洲最大的边缘海,南侧毗邻菲尔希纳冰架和龙尼冰架,西侧紧邻南极半岛,东侧可到科兹地一线,北部面向开阔大洋.开展威德尔海的研究工作,对于认识整个南极的构造史、南极环流的发展史和现代气候的演变史有着重要意义.本研究通过卫星测高数据获取了威德尔海区域的水深地形,分析结果表明威德尔海的南侧和西侧呈现出陆架、陆坡、深海平原的典型地形变化特征.根据地形变化初步划分出威德尔海的陆架、陆坡、深海平原、海沟、海脊、海槽与海底高原等地貌类型.威德尔海的中部偏东侧主要分布着深海平原,往北侧受海沟阻隔,地形变化较为复杂.海底高原是南极半岛往东北延伸的水下部分,其间隔形成了鲍威尔海盆、简海盆等水深3 000 m左右的海盆,与4 000~5 000 m的深海平原形成明显的水下阶地形态.深海平原的东北侧海域分布着脊槽相间的地形,以"鲱骨式结构"、海沟等构造地貌类型为主.威德尔海西侧洋陆边界转换带控制了陆架的延伸位置,而东南侧陆架宽度被"发现陡崖"等构造地貌控制.威德尔海的地形地貌特征主要受构造作用控制,同时冰川沉积物的输送在后期对地貌的演变有着一定的影响.     

夏季南大洋南极大磷虾种群分布、结构及生长研究

利用2007/2008年和2008/2009年南极夏季高速采集器和IKMT网走航采样样品,结合同步环境调查资料,研究了南极大磷虾(Euphausia superba)的水平分布、生长状况及种群结构。结果表明,南极大磷虾在威德尔海域丰度高于普里兹湾海域,两个海域的磷虾丰度都低于历史同期。从两个年度南极考察的整个调查海区来看,南极大磷虾处于正常生长状态,但也存在个别生长状况较差站位,推测与海冰回退时间较晚或叶绿素浓度较低有关。利用高速采集器采集的大磷虾样品,在海冰边缘区域站位,未成体磷虾占有很大比例;而在海冰已经消退较长时间的海域,成体磷虾占比例较大,这反映了大磷虾未成体与成体不同的分布特征。南极大磷虾在不同海域种群结构存在一定的差异,对种群补充产生一定的影响。     

顶部电离层电子密度和温度的统计背景及其地磁活动变化

通过对DEMETER卫星从2004年11月7日至2005年11月30日期间探测到的710 km高度顶部电离层的电子数据进行网格化(纬度2°×经度4°)统计平均,本文分析了不同地磁条件下顶部电离层电子密度和温度的全球分布情况.不论是在地磁宁静还是地磁活动期间,顶部电离层电子密度的分布都存在着一个巨大的威德尔海异常(夜间电...     

1870-2011年全球海域SST变化趋势

利用来自英国气象局哈德莱中心(Met Office Hadley Centre)的海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST)资料, 对全球海域近140余年来SST的长期变化进行分析。研究发现:(1)1870—2011年期间, 全球大部分海域的SST表现出显著的逐年线性递增趋势, 在两极大部分海域、格陵兰南部海域呈显著的递减趋势, 仅在部分小范围海域及一些零星海域的SST无显著变化。近海的递增趋势强于大洋, 大洋西岸的递增趋势强于大洋东岸。(2)近140余年来, 整体上全球的SST以0.0038℃/a的速度显著增加, 其中1870—1910年表现出较为显著的递减趋势, 1910年至今表现出较强的递增趋势。(3)1870—1910年期间, 全球大范围海域的SST无显著变化; 呈显著递减的海域主要分布于东海、阿拉斯加半岛南部海域、北大西洋30°N附近海域、冰岛南部海域、南印度洋西风带海域、新西兰附近海域; 呈显著递增的区域较为分散。1910—2011年期间, 全球大范围海域的SST逐年显著递增, 在两极大部分海域呈显著的递减趋势。(4)1870—1960年期间, 两极的SST走势较为平缓; 1960—2011年期间, 南极尤其是威德尔海的SST表现出显著的递减趋势, 其中逐8月的递减趋势尤为强劲; 北极逐2月、逐5月的SST呈显著性递减, 逐8月呈显著性递增且趋势较为强劲, 达到0.0402℃/a, 逐11月的SST无显著变化。     

南极威德尔海冰间湖形成机制的研究进展

针对南极威德尔海冰间湖的特点及影响，本文介绍了有关威德尔海冰间湖形成研究的进展情况，并对存在的问题以及未来的发展进行了分析和阐述。结果说明：动力因素、热力因素和热动力因素都只是威德尔海冰间湖形成和维持的某一方面的控制和影响因子。对威德尔海冰间湖更深入的研究，应该充分考虑较大尺度的海洋-海冰-大气相互作用。     

南极西北威德尔海上层海洋湍流混合研究

Turbulent mixing in the upper ocean(30-200 m) of the northwestern Weddell Sea is investigated based on profiles of temperature,salinity and microstructure data obtained during February 2014.Vertical thermohaline structures are distinct due to geographic features and sea ice distribution,resulting in that turbulent dissipation rates(ε) and turbulent diffusivity(K) are vertically and spatially non-uniform.On the shelf north of Antarctic Peninsula and Philip Ridge,with a relatively homogeneous vertical structure of temperature and salinity through the entire water column in the upper 200 m,both ε and K show significantly enhanced values in the order of O(10~(-7))-O(10~(-6)) W/kg and O(10~(-3))-O(10~(-2)) m~2/s respectively,about two or three orders of magnitude higher than those in the open ocean.Mixing intensities tend to be mild due to strong stratification in the Powell Basin and South Orkney Plateau,where s decreases with depth from O(10~(-8)) to O(10~(-9)) W/kg,while K changes vertically in an inverse direction relative to s from O(10~(-6)) to O(10~(-5)) m~2/s.In the marginal ice zone,K is vertically stable with the order of10~(-4) m~2/s although both intense dissipation and strong stratification occur at depth of 50-100 m below a cold freshened mixed layer.Though previous studies indentify wind work and tides as the primary energy sources for turbulent mixing in coastal regions,our results indicate weak relationship between K and wind stress or tidal kinetic energy.Instead,intensified mixing occurs with large bottom roughness,demonstrating that only when internal waves generated by wind and tide impinge on steep topography can the energy dissipate to support mixing.In addition,geostrophic current flowing out of the Weddell Sea through the gap west of Philip Passage is another energy source contributing to the local intense mixing.     

2003年南极威德尔海至普里兹湾之间海冰分布研究

Ship-based sea ice observation data (concentrations,ice thickness,topography and overlying snow cover) were collected from Middle Weddell Sea to Prydz Bay,Antarctic during the period of 4 to 17 Jan 2003.Antarctic ice chart of first week of Jan 2003 was derived from National Ice Center (NIC).The compared analysis of sea ice concentrations and thickness distributions were conducted though in situ data and NIC chart.Results from sea ice concentration-analysis indicated the presence of large-scale open water between 2000 and 4100 km along transit route resulted from sea ice drifting.We describe the existence of mostly smooth first-year sea ice in study region ranged between 30 and 120 era.We also display the derived overlying snow coverage.Our results reveal the strong correspondence between ship-based observations and remotely sensed ice charts whatever in ice concentrations and ice thickness distributions.