陕北风沙区含砾石工程堆积体坡面产流产沙试验

采用室内人工模拟降雨方法,研究了陕北风沙区含砾石工程堆积体边坡的产流产沙过程。结果表明:①砾石存在改变了坡面入渗速率,径流系数受入渗速率的影响,随砾石含量的增加先线性递减后线性递增,并在10%砾石含量处存在阈值;径流系数随降雨强度的增加线性递增。②含砾石堆积体坡面流速较纯土堆积体降低,且随雨强增大,砾石延缓径流流动的作用越显著;雨强对径流流速的影响随砾石含量增加持续减弱。③土壤剥蚀率在产流24~33 min后显著增加,砾石主要对显著增加后的平均剥蚀率产生影响。④雨强1.0 mm/min时,砾石存在促进降雨侵蚀,产沙量增大;雨强大于1.0 mm/min时,砾石具有显著的减沙效应。     

全球视野下崩岗侵蚀地貌及其研究进展

典型的崩岗具有“圆形露天剧场”般的沟头,发育在深厚的红色花岗岩风化壳上,通常包括集水坡面、崩壁、崩积体、沟道、洪积扇5个地貌组成部分;崩壁自上而下可分为表土层、风化红粘土层(红土层)、风化砂质红粘土层(砂土层)、风化粗碎屑层(碎屑层)。中国的崩岗与马达加斯加的lavaka属于同类地貌,两者具有地貌学上的可比性。崩岗群是劣地的表现形式之一,但与欧洲的badland有不同的侵蚀过程,也不同于意大利和巴西的两种沟谷侵蚀地貌calanchi和vocoroca。崩岗主要发育在华南和东南热带和亚热带湿润季风气候区中等偏缓的丘陵坡地上,由沟谷侵蚀发展而成,是沟谷侵蚀的高级阶段。崩岗沟道侵蚀产沙量占崩岗沟谷流域侵蚀产沙量的一半以上,其中沟道沟壁崩塌侵蚀产沙量与沟床下切侵蚀产沙量又各占崩岗沟道侵蚀产沙量的一半左右。野外人工模拟降雨试验是研究崩岗流域侵蚀、产流和产沙过程的有效手段。崩岗流域侵蚀产沙量可以通过崩岗沟谷和洪积扇地形测量加以估算。     

农村社会经济因素变化对嘉陵江产沙量的影响

以大量实测资料为基础,通过自然科学与人文科学的跨学科研究,分析了农村社会经济因素变化对嘉陵江产沙量的影响。发现嘉陵江年产沙量与径流量之间的双累积曲线上出现两个下偏转折,分别发生于1983~1984年和1992~1993年。第一转折点的出现与流域社会经济因素的变化有密切的关系;第二个转折点与长江上游水土保持重点治理工程有密切关系,但社会经济因素的影响也不容忽视,因为第二转折点与诸多社会经济因素变化的转折点具有同步性。从嘉陵江北碚站年产沙量与农民人均纯收入、农民人均购买燃料支出和农业产值占GDP百分比的相关关系中查明了3个临界点,即当农民人均收入<400元/a时,由于贫穷所产生的对土地的压力,使得侵蚀产沙量突变式增大;当农民人均燃料支出<20元/a时,农民将主要通过砍伐树木和灌木、收集林下的枯枝落叶、割草甚至于挖掘草根来获取燃料,使得侵蚀产沙量突变式增大;当农业产值占GDP百分比>40%时,农村人口对土地的压力使得侵蚀产沙量突变式增大。建立了北碚站年产沙量和已转移的乡村劳动力数量占乡村劳动力总数百分比、农村人均纯收入和农村人均用于购买燃料的支出之间的多元回归方程,并估算出,上述3个变量的变化对北碚站年产沙量变化的贡献率分别为36.00%,21.59%和42.41%。     

人类活动和降水变化对嘉陵江流域侵蚀产沙的影响

基于大量实测资料,用经验统计方法研究了人类活动和降水变化对嘉陵江流域侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明,水利水保措施和20世纪80年代以来的降水减少,共同导致了嘉陵江流域产沙量的减少。分基准期(1956~1982)和措施期(1983~2000)分别建立嘉陵江江流域产沙量与年降水的指数方程,运用这些方程对于降水变化与水利水保导致的产沙量变化进行定量区分,得到了措施期中降水量减小所导致的减沙量、水利水保措施导致的减沙量、总减沙量以及降水减少和水利水保措施各自占总减沙量的百分比。水保减沙效益随降水量的增大而减小。当降水量超过某一临界值,还可能出现负效应。研究表明,水利水保减沙量随年降水量而增大,在年降水量为970mm时达到最大值,然后减小;当年降水量为1180mm时,水利水保减沙量变为0。     

应用137Cs示踪技术破译黄土丘陵区小流域坝库沉积赋存的产沙记录

根据 泥沙的¹³⁷Cs和粘粒含量变化，厚28.12 m的云台山沟坝库沉积剖面，区分出44次洪水沉积旋迴。剖面中部旋迴27的¹³⁷Cs含量最高，加权平均值12.65 Bq&;#8729;kg^-1，为1963年沉积；向上、向下¹³⁷Cs含量逐渐降低，次顶部旋迴2.15Bq&;#8729;kg^-1，底部旋迴0.92Bq&;#8729;kg^-1。通过坝库修建、运行历史，旋迴泥沙¹³⁷Cs含量的变化，次洪水产沙量和降水资料的对比分析，确定了这些洪水沉积旋迴的对应暴雨。云台山沟1960－70年期间，共发生产沙洪水44次，产沙2.36×10⁶m³。年产沙次数1－10次不等，1961－1964年为多雨年份，秋季降水多，年产沙洪水7-10次；1960、1965－1969和1970年为少雨年份，每年仅1－3次洪水。年均产沙模数1.29×10⁴t&;#8226;km-2&;#8729;a^-1，略高于甘谷驿水文站以上延河上游的同期产沙模数1.11×10⁴t&;#8226;km^-2&;#8729;a^-1，略低于相邻的安塞纸坊沟1980年前的实测产沙模数1.40×10⁴t&;#8226;km^-2&;#8729;a^-1 。年产沙模数和汛期降水量（6～9月）相关较好。     

黄土缓坡片蚀过程及其水力参数适宜性试验研究

为确定黄土缓坡片蚀过程中侵蚀限制条件的变化及水力参数的适宜性,采用模拟降雨试验,在60 mm/h雨强、3种坡度（7.5°、10°、15°）和2种坡长（5 m和10 m）条件下,验证含沙量作为表征参量判定片蚀过程侵蚀限制条件的可行性,提出检验水力参数与产沙量作用关系适宜性的评价方法。结果表明:①依据含沙量随径流的变化规律,片蚀过程依次经历输沙能力限制阶段、剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅰ和剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅱ共3个侵蚀阶段,其中剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅰ的侵蚀量占绝对优势。②从水力参数的适宜性来看,径流功率和雷诺数均能很好地表征与产沙量的关系,径流剪切力和弗劳德数则不能有效反映与产沙量的关系。③在不同侵蚀限制阶段,径流功率和雷诺数与产沙量的作用关系是不同的。输沙能力限制阶段和剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅱ时,径流功率和雷诺数与产沙量分别呈指数关系和线性正相关关系;剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅰ时,该2种水力参数均与产沙量呈线性负相关关系,但作用关系不唯一,且存在雷诺数临界值,即在输沙能力限制阶段和剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅱ,径流功率和雷诺数与产沙量的作用关系不受坡长效应影响;在剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅰ,需要同时考虑坡长和雷诺数临界值的共同影响。该研究结果可为深入理解片蚀过程的复杂性提供参考依据。     

坡面草被覆盖对坡沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响

By scouring experiments, the changeable process and characteristics of sediment yield in the hillslope-gully side erosion system with different coverage degrees and spatial locations of grass were studied. Five grass coverage degrees of 0, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, three spatial locations of grass (upslope, mid-slope, low-slope) and two water inflow rates of 3.2 L/min, 5.2 L/min were applied to a 0.5 by 7 m soil bed in scouring experiments. Results showed that the sediment yield decreased with the increase of grass coverage degree at 3.2 L/min water inflow rate in scouring experiments and the sediment yield with different grass locations on the sloping surface was in the order of upper > middle > lower. At 5.2 L/min water inflow rate, the differences of sediment yield among various grass coverage degrees were increased, whereas the changeable tendency of sediment yield with different grass locations on the whole sloping surface was not very obvious. The proportion of sediment yield from the gully side increased in an exponential relationship with the increase of grass coverage degree. When the grass was located on the lower position of hillslope, the influence for accelerating gully erosion is the greatest. Foundation: National Basic Research Program of China, No.2007CB407201; National Key Technology R&D Program, No.2006BAB06B01-06; Science and Technique Development Foundation of YRIHR, No.200603 Author: Li Mian (1968–), Ph.D and Senior Engineer, specialized in soil erosion.     

Simulated multi-scale watershed runoff and sediment production based on GeoWEPP model

The runoff and sediment yield data from the Qiaozidonggou, Qiaozixigou, and Lu＇ergou watersheds, in the Loess Plateau of China are used to calibrate and validate the runoff and sediment yield simulated by GeoWEPP model of the WEPP Model at watershed scale. The indices of relative error, R, correlation coefficient, Re, and Nash-Suttcliffe efficiency coefficient Ens are used to evaluate the model fit. The eco-hydrological responses in the Luoyugou and Lu＇ergou watersheds are also forecast based on the WEPP Model. Meanwhile, the relation between vegetation pattern changes and sediment yield in the watershed is discussed, and the responses of runoff and sediment yield in the watersheds concerning forest growth stages are studied. The results show that the relative errors of simulated values of runoff and sediment yield are below 30%, the correlation coefficients axe above 0.90, and the Nash-Suttcliffe efficiency coefficients axe above 0.80. The simulation results present satisfactory performance, thus, the model could be used to simulate the runoff and sediment yield in these small watersheds. It is also observed that soil erosion tended to become severe as precipitation increased in the watershed, while soil erosion has a decreasing trend as forest cover increases and vegetation pattern is optimized. When the watershed is fully covered by forest, erosion and sediment yield are minimized. When the forest cover is about 30% and evenly distributed in the watershed, the erosion intensity is lower than if the forest cover is collectively distributed in the watershed. Erosion varies with different forest growth stages in the watershed; it is more serious at the young and near planting stage and is the smallest at the mature forest stage.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域土地利用变化对水沙关系的影响

以黄土丘陵沟壑区内相邻的2条支沟(桥子东沟和桥子西沟)为研究对象,基于遥感影像获得土地利用数据,利用水文站1986-2004年观测的次降雨-径流-泥沙过程资料,研究了小流域土地利用变化(主要以增加水土保持措施为主)对径流输沙的影响。结果表明:在黄土丘陵沟壑区,增加土地利用/土地覆被能够有效地减少小流域的径流量、产沙量;在次降雨量、降雨强度较小,土地利用变化不明显的情况下,两流域次降雨水沙关系差异不显著,在次降雨量、降雨强度较大和土地利用变化明显时,两流域次降雨水沙关系差异显著,坡耕地改梯田的农田水利建设可能是导致水沙变化的主要原因。     

退化山地生态系统植被恢复水文效应的SWAT模拟

植被恢复是改善退化生态环境的重要途径.位于闽东南沿海的晋江西溪流域是我国南方典型的水土流失区.应用基于SWAT的晋江西溪流域产流产沙分布式模型,结合流域内退化生态系统重建要求设定不同植被恢复情景,模拟分析植被恢复下的水文效应.模拟结果表明:SWAT模型能较好的用于流域退化生态系统重建的水文模拟;研究区内,还林比还草更有利于流域的水土保持和生态重建,植被恢复对流域产沙量的影响大于产流量.