Improvement of polyploidy induction in Eriocheir sinensis

An incubating temperature of 15℃ is used to induce triploidy in Eriocheir sinensis through inhibition of the release of polar body I1, and that of 18℃ to induce tetraploidy through inhibition of the first cleavage. Flow cytometry is used to identify the ploidy in different developmental stages. For induction of triploidy in fertilized eggs in vitro, the highest induction rate observed in blastula by cytochalasin B, 6-DMAP and KC1 is 49.1%, 51.7% and 77.5%, respectively. In the KC1 treatment of pregnant crabs with the fertilized eggs, the highest triploid induction rate observed in the zoea is 85.3%. For induction of tetraploidy, the highest induction rate observed in the blastula by cytochaslasin B, 6-DMAP and KC1 is 50.3%, 54.9% and 79.8% respectively. In the KC1 treatment of pregnant crabs with the fertilized eggs, the highest induction rate in zoea is 27.3%. Through this study such difficulty as in vitro culture is overcome. Triploid zoea Eriocheir sinensis has been developed for the fh‘st time. The induction rate of tetraploid zoea has also been greatly improved.     

中华绒螯蟹多倍体诱导技术改进

采用抑制第二极体排放的方式对15℃孵育的中华绒螯蟹自然受精卵人工诱导三倍体,通过抑制第一次卵裂对18℃孵育的自然受精卵人工诱导四倍体,应用流式细胞仪进行倍性鉴定.分别使用CB,6-DMAP和KCl三种试剂对受精卵处理,发育至囊胚期检测,获得的最高三倍体诱导率依次是49.1%,51.7%和77.5%,获得的最高四倍体诱导率依次是50.3%,54.9%和79.8%.使用KCl试剂对抱卵蟹诱导处理,孵出潘状幼体检测,最高三倍体诱导率为85.3%,最高四倍体诱导率为27.3%.克服了以往三倍体诱导中离体培养的困难,首次获得了中华绒螯蟹三倍体潘状幼体,并极大提高了潘状幼体阶段四倍体诱导率.     

Variations of ion-transport enzyme activities during early development of the shrimps <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fenneropenaeus chinensis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Marsupenaeus japonicus</Emphasis>

The ion-transport enzyme activities were studied in the nauplii 1–2, zoea 1–3, mysis 1–3, and postlarva 1–7 of the shrimps Marsupenaeus japonicus and Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The results showed that total ATPase, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, and V-ATPase (V-type H⁺-ATPase) activities increased during the early development for both the species, from zero in nauplii to stable levels after zoea stage. The enzyme activities of the latter species were significantly higher than those of the former species after zoea stage (F>F _0.05). The contributions of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, V-ATPase and HCO₃ ⁻-ATPase to the total ATPase activity of the two species varied in different developmental stages and accounted for 40%–70%, 22%–46% and 2%–13% in M. japonicus from zoea to postlarva stage, whilst the shares of them were 42%–69%, 28%–44% and 2.5%–22%, respectively in F.chinensis. These findings suggest the possible culture of the two species with varying water quality, especially the salinity and pH.     

海南沼虾胚胎发育及初孵幼体的观察

本文报道了室内人工培养条件下海南沼虾的胚胎发育过程及初孵幼体的形态、生态特性。对各期胚胎及初孵幼体进行了较详细的描述。此外,通过对雌虾抱卵数、卵径、受精卵的孵化时间,及初孵幼体主要形态特征和生态习性的比较,作者认为Wong(1989)所报道的,采自香港的那种淡水虾并不是海南沼虾。     

亚甲基蓝对南美白对虾(Pemaeus vannamei Boon)幼体的毒性研究

研究了亚甲基蓝对南美白对虾蚤状幼体、糠虾幼体及仔虾的急性毒性。结果表明,不同发育期的幼体,仔虾对此种消毒剂的耐受力不同。亚甲基蓝对南美白对虾蚤状幼体(Z)的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为:2.88×10-6,0.89×10-6,0.025×10-6;对糠虾幼体(M)的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为:3.39×10-6,1.04×10-6,0.029×10-6;对仔虾(P)的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为:6.76×10-6,2.24×10-6,0.073×10-6。     

凡纳滨对虾潘状幼体厌食症的防治

潘状幼体厌食症是指潘状幼体发育到第2期后,出现摄食突然减少和停食的现象,幼体发病率和死亡率较高。探讨育苗用水处理方法、抗菌素、有益微生物制剂对防治凡纳滨对虾潘状幼体厌食症的效果。结果表明：1）用次氯酸钠、百碘、溴氯海困对育苗用水进行消毒处理没有预防潘状幼体厌食症作用,用甲醛处理水有一定的预防效果,幼体发病率为75.3％,低于对照组的88.2％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;2）利福平、土霉素、庆大霉素、诺氟沙星、复方新诺明等抗菌药物对潘状幼体厌食症防治效果不佳,除利福平外,其他药物组幼体发病率、存活率与对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;3）有益微生物制剂光合细菌、乳酸杆菌、芽孢杆菌、复合活菌制剂EM活菌、虾蟹宝活菌和乐多源活菌对潘状幼体厌食症都有不同程度的预防作用,幼体发病率、存活率与对照组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,以乐多源活菌预防效果最好,幼体发病率仅19.8％,比对照组低63.3％,治疗作用仅乐多源活菌较好,可治愈50.0％的发病幼体,其他活菌治疗效果不佳。建议潘状幼体厌食症应采取处理水和使用有益微生物制剂相结合方法进行防治。     

孔雀绿、福尔马林对罗氏沼虾（M．rosenbergii）各期蚤状幼体的急性毒性研究

用孔雀绿、福尔马林对罗氏沼虾各期蚤状幼体及仔虾进行急性毒性试验。结果表明，孔雀绿的２４ｈＬＣ５０是：蚤状幼体为０．１４１～０．２５７×１０－６、仔虾为０．２７１×１０－６；４８ｈＬＣ５０是：蚤状幼体０．０７７～０．１５２×１０－６、仔虾为０．１７４×１０－６；安全浓度蚤状幼体为０．００７～０．０１６×１０－６、仔虾为０．０２１×１０－６．福尔马林的２４ｈＬＣ５０是：蚤状幼体为２３，５～５１．９×１０－６、仔虾为４２．６×１０－６；４８ｈＬＣ５０是：蚤状幼体为１４．３～３３．６×１０－６、仔虾为２８．７×１０－６；安全浓度蚤状幼体为１．２～４．２×１０－６、仔虾为３．９×１０－６。     

摄食对锯缘青蟹溞状幼体生长和呼吸的影响

本文采用实验室和现场测定相结合的方法，研究了锯缘青蟹溞状幼体摄食率、摄食和饥饿对幼体生长发育蜕皮以及呼吸的影响.实验结果表明锯缘青蟹第一期溞状幼体(Z     

人工培育脊尾白虾蚤状幼体的饵料基础研究

通过脊尾白虾蚤状幼体饵料种类、饵料组合和食物密度的比较试验 ,研究了脊尾白虾育苗的适宜开口饵料和育苗期饵料组合 ,测定了不同时期蚤状幼体的捕食率及其日粮。结果表明 :饵料种类对脊尾白虾蚤状幼体 期 (Z1)至 期 (Z2 )的变态率和变态所需时间没有明显影响 ,Z1可以不投饵 ,但适量投喂单胞藻或轮虫 ,能明显提高 Z2 活力和 Z2 至 Z3 的变态率。人工培育脊尾白虾蚤状幼体的适宜饵料是卤虫无节幼体 ,在幼体培育前期 (Z1)投喂单胞藻、轮虫 ,后期 (Z3 以后 )添加鱼糜效果也很好。蚤状幼体对卤虫无节幼体的捕食率和日粮随幼体发育而明显增加 ,同一发育时期则随饵料密度的增大而增加 ,但达到一定密度后 ,捕食率增幅明显下降。根据幼体日粮难以确定育苗期间卤虫无节幼体的最佳投喂方案     

锈斑蟳(Charybdis feriatus)室内人工育苗的研究

盐度30、温度27.5～29.5℃、pH7.8～8.6的条件下,投喂扁藻(10×104mL-1)、轮虫(20mL-1～50mL-1)、卤虫无节幼体(1mL-1～30mL-1)及卤虫成体(0.1mL-1),进行锈斑蟳室内人工育苗试验。结果表明:溞状幼体Z1期2～4d,存活率100%;Z2期2～3d,存活率74.0%～78.0%;Z3、Z4、Z5期各3d,存活率分别为37.5%～59.0%、26.5%～43.0%、22.0%～36.7%;Z6期3～5d,存活率19.0%～26.3%;大眼幼体5～6d,存活率11.0%～11.5%;Ⅰ期幼蟹(蟹苗)存活率4.5%～5.0%,整个育苗过程共计20～26d。