Ground truth seismic events and location capability at Degelen mountain, Kazakhstan

We utilized nuclear explosions from the Degelen Mountain sub-region of the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS), Kazakhstan, to assess seismic location capability directly. Excellent ground truth information for these events was either known or was estimated from maps of the Degelen Mountain adit complex. Origin times were refined for events for which absolute origin time information was unknown using catalog arrival times, our ground truth location estimates, and a time baseline provided by fixing known origin times during a joint hypocenter determination (JHD). Precise arrival time picks were determined using a waveform cross-correlation process applied to the available digital data. These data were used in a JHD analysis. We found that very accurate locations were possible when high precision, waveform cross-correlation arrival times were combined with JHD. Relocation with our full digital data set resulted in a mean mislocation of 2 km and a mean 95% confidence ellipse (CE) area of 6.6 km² (90% CE: 5.1 km²), however, only 5 of the 18 computed error ellipses actually covered the associated ground truth location estimate. To test a more realistic nuclear test monitoring scenario, we applied our JHD analysis to a set of seven events (one fixed) using data only from seismic stations within 40° epicentral distance. Relocation with these data resulted in a mean mislocation of 7.4 km, with four of the 95% error ellipses covering less than 570 km² (90% CE: 438 km²), and the other two covering 1730 and 8869 km² (90% CE: 1331 and 6822 km²). Location uncertainties calculated using JHD often underestimated the true error, but a circular region with a radius equal to the mislocation covered less than 1000 km² for all events having more than three observations.     

《四川省志·测绘志》体现实事求是的探讨

本文根据毛泽东同志对实事求是的解释，指出测绘专业不是孤立于周围事物之外，应该通过记述与测绘专业有内部联系的不同的客观事物及其“事变”的关系，以突出地区特色、专业特色．     

The Influence of Path Corrections and a Three-dimensional Global <Emphasis Type="Italic">P</Emphasis>-wave Velocity Model on Seismic Event Location in Kazakhstan

We relocate 81 large nuclear explosions that were detonated at the Balapan and Degelen Mountain subregions of the Semipalatinsk test site in Kazakhstan during the years 1978 to 1989. The absolute locations of these explosions are available, as well as very accurate estimates of their origin times. This ground truth information allows us to perform a detailed analysis of location capability. We use a sparse network of stations with highly accurate first arrival picks measured using a waveform cross-correlation method. These high quality data facilitate very accurate location estimates with only a few phases per event. We contrast two different approaches: 1) a calibration-based approach, where we achieve improved locations by using path corrections, and 2) a model-based approach, where we achieve improved locations by relocating in a recently published global 3-D P-velocity model. Both methods result in large improvements in accuracy of the obtained absolute locations, compared to locations obtained in a 1-D reference earth model (ak135). The calibration-based approach gives superior results for this test site, in particular when arrival times from regional stations are included. Estimated locations remain well within a 1000 km² region surrounding the ground truth locations when the path corrections for the Balapan and Degelen Mountain subregions are interchanged, but even for the short separation between these two regions, we find variations in the path corrections that cause systematic mislocations. The model-based approach also results in substantially reduced mislocation distances and has the distinct advantage that it is, in principle, transportable to other source regions around the world.     

Relationship between point rainfall, average sampled rainfall and ground truth at the event scale in the Sahel

Geostatistical techniques are used to quantify the reference mean areal rainfall (ground truth) from sparse raingaugenetworks. Based on the EPSAT-Niger event cumulative rainfall, a linear relationship between the ground truth considered as the mean area rainfall estimated from the densely available raingauge network and the area rainfall estimated from sparse network are derived. Also, a linear relationship between the ground truth and point rainfall is established. As it was reported experimentally by some authors, the slope of these relationships is less than one. Based on the geostatistical framework, the slope and the ordinate at the origin can be estimated as a function of the spatial structure of the rainfall process. It is shown that the slope is smaller than one. For the special case of one gauge inside a fixed area or a Field Of View (FOV), an areal reduction factor is derived. It has a limit value which depends only on the size of the area and the spatial structure of the rainfall process. The relative variance error of estimating the FOV cumulative rainfall from point rainfall is also given.     

情、理、法结合的大学语文古典诗、词、文教学法

现行的<大学语文>大纲及教材的教学要求对古典诗、词、文都偏重于字、词、句的理解,游离了<大学语文>的教学目的.只有将古典诗、词、文中充沛的情感、深邃的义理、多样的表现手法结合起来,贯穿到教学中,才能达到<大学语文>的学习目的.也才能解决古典诗、词、文的教学瓶颈.     

Carbon storage and sequestration of national key ecological restoration programs in China: An introduction to special issue

<正>Although a crucial objective of ecosystem management should be the avoidance of degradation at the beginning,an unfortunate truth is that ecosystems have been substantially exploited,degraded and destroyed in the last century as a result of the global increase in economic and societal prosperity(Suding,2011).More than 60%of ecosystems have been converted for human use or degraded through unsustainable harvest,pollution,     

Comparison of ground truth location of earthquake from InSAR and from ambient seismic noise:A case study of the 1998 Zhangbei earthquake

Because ambient seismic noise provides estimated Greenos function (EGF) between two sites with high accuracy, Rayleigh wave propagation along the path connecting the two sites is well resolved. Therefore, earthquakes which are close to one seismic station can be well located with calibration extracting from EGF. We test two algorithms in locating the 1998 Zhangbei earthquake, one algorithm is waveform-based, and the other is traveltime-based. We first compute EGF between station ZHB (a station about 40 km away from the epicenter) and five IC/IRIS stations. With the waveform-based approach, we calculate 1D synthetic single-force Greenos functions between ZHB and other four stations, and obtain traveltime corrections by correlating synthetic Greenos functions with EGFs in period band of 10-30 s. Then we locate the earthquake by minimizing the differential travel times between observed earthquake waveform and the 1D synthetic earthquake waveforms computed with focal mechanism provided by Global CMT after traveltime correction from EGFs. This waveform-based approach yields a location which error is about 13 km away from the location observed with InSAR. With the traveltime-based approach, we begin with measuring group velocity from EGFs as well as group arrival time on observed earthquake waveforms, and then locate the earthquake by minimizing the difference between observed group arrival time and arrival time measured on EGFs. This traveltime-based approach yields accuracy of 3 km, Therefore it is feasible to achieve GT5 (ground truth location with accuracy 5 km) with ambient seismic noises. The less accuracy of the waveform-based approach was mainly caused by uncertainty of focal mechanism.     

测量准确度及相关术语辨析

本文分析了测量准确度及相关术语在测绘学科中要表达的真实含义,着重指出测绘学科中最常用的准确度指标(即测量精度)是针对特殊的"约定真值"和"系统误差已经充分消除"这两个前提;而计量领域中的最常用准确度指标(即测量不确定度)则是针对"国家基准"和将"系统误差也纳入不确定度评定范围"。理清二者的关系有利于推广测量不确定度理论在测绘学科中的应用。     

Key Methods and Experiment Verification for the Validation of Quantitative Remote Sensing Products

The validation is an important guarantee of quality, reliability and applicability of Remote Sensing Products (RSPs), and is also the foundation to improve the RSPs accuracy, extend the application domain and strength the application ability. This paper introduced the progresses and lessons learned from a project titled by ‘key technology of remote sensing products validation and its experimental evaluation’ supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of China. The progresses included: ①Formulating a series of national standards composed of general methods for the validation of terrestrial quantative RSPs, field-site selection and instrumentation for land surface RSPs, and other 24 individual standards of remote sensing variables; ②Building integral technique process system of RSPs validation; ③Developing some key methods from optimized spatial sampling, upscaling to validation strategy; ④Obtaining the multi-scale satellite-airborne-ground synchronized observation and evaluating systematically the validation standard and techniques; ⑤Setting up national validation network for RSPs, exploring multi-mode allied observation experiment and forming the prototype and operation mechanism for the validation network.     

LABORATORY STUDY ON MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF GROUND TRUTH*

In order to improve the interpretation of the earth system microwave remote sensing,the research of microwave spectrum characteristics of the ground truth (earth objects) was carried out in laboratory.A laboratory for microwave remote sensing of the earth objects has been constructed to improve the remote sensing level,the laboratory consists of four parts:the measuring system of dielectric constants,the microwave emissivity meter,the microwave reflectometer and the microwave remote sensing simulation experiment in field.In this paper,the principle of measurement,the correction of near field process,the structure of instrument,the calibration method and the measurement of the earth substances,including soil,water and oil,are discussed.The laboratory may supply the condition for measuring the parameters of thc earth substance remote sensing and help to interpret the remote sensing data.