Open registers: past, present and future

The debate about open registers (ORs) is not a new matter, and throughout centuries States have taken advantage of other flags for their own profit in order to overcome any kind of restrictions. To understand this system in depth it is necessary to know about its origins, development and consolidation. Eradicating substandard registers calls for the application of specific directions like the ones presented, which are a result of many years of researching and working for international organizations aiming at the modernization and consolidation of some ORs. This has led to an increase in the levels of safety and credibility of the maritime administrations where they were applied.     

Analogue study of particle segregation in pyroclastic density currents, with implications for the emplacement mechanisms of large ignimbrites

Abstract Analogue flume experiments were conducted to investigate the transport and sedimentation behaviour of turbulent pyroclastic density currents. The experimental currents were scaled approximately to the natural environment in three ways: (1) they were fully turbulent; (2) they had a very wide range of particle sizes and associated Rouse numbers (the ratio of particle settling velocity to effective turbulent eddy velocity in the current); and (3) they contained particles of two different densities. Two sets of surge‐type experiments were conducted in a 5 m long, water‐filled lock‐exchange flume at five different volumetric particle concentrations from 0·6% to 23%. In one set (one‐component experiments), the currents contained just dense particles; in the other set (two‐component experiments), they contained both light and dense particles in equal volume proportions. In both sets of experiments, the population of each component had a log‐normal size distribution. In the two‐component experiments, the size range of the light particle population was selected in order to be in hydrodynamic equivalence with that of the dense particles. Dense particles were normally graded, both vertically and downstream, in the deposits from both sets of experiments. The mass loading (normalized to the initial mass of the suspension) and grain size of the dense component in the deposits decreased with distance from the reservoir and were insensitive to initial total particle concentration in the currents. On the other hand, in the two‐component experiments, the light particles were extremely sensitive to concentration. They were deposited in hydrodynamic equivalence with the dense particles from dilute currents, but were segregated efficiently at concentrations higher than a few per cent. With increasing particle concentration, the large, light particles were carried progressively further down the flume because of buoyancy effects. Deposits from the high‐concentration currents exhibited reverse vertical grading of the large, light particles. Efficient segregation of the light component was observed even if the bulk density of the current was less than that of the light particles. In both sets of experiments, marked inflexions in the rate of downstream decline in mass loading and maximum grain size of the dense component can be attributed to the presence of two different particle settling regimes in the flow: (1) particles with Rouse numbers >2·5, which did not respond to the turbulence and settled rapidly; and (2) particles with Rouse numbers <2·5, which followed the turbulent eddies and settled slowly. The results are applied to the transport and sedimentation dynamics of pyroclastic density currents that generate large, widespread ignimbrites. Field data fail to reveal significant departures from aerodynamic equivalence between pumice and lithic clasts in three such ignimbrites: the particulate loads of some large ignimbrites are transported principally in turbulent suspensions of low concentration. In some ignimbrites, the well‐developed inflexions in curves of maximum lithic (ML) size vs. distance can be attributed to the existence of distinct high and low Rouse number particle settling regimes that mark the transition from an overcharged state to one in which the residual particulate load is transported more effectively by turbulence.     

论勘查地球化学区域模式及找矿意义

本文的主要目的是把地球化学块体概念、地球化学场概念及地球化学异常概念的异同性及空间关系进行比较,供读者加以参考。并从它们的基本概念开始论述,然后自内涵的相同与不同、以及在生产实践中的意义方面总结了3个勘查地球化学模式的区别与内在的联系;最后总结它们在地质找矿中的意义。     

基于低空无人机倾斜摄影测量在农村房屋不动产登记权籍调查中的应用

低空无人机倾斜摄影测量技术可以快速获取实景三维影像,具有可量测、现实感逼真、纹理清晰等特点。该技术应用于农村房屋不动产登记权籍调查中,减少了外业实地丈量的工作量,克服了不通视房屋拐点量边的困难,可快速生成数字线划图,通过三维不动产模型可以查看测量三维数据,解决了外业调查耗时费力、界址边丈量人为误差等问题。     

Magnetic interpretation of pairs of sheets and their equivalence to dykes

Magnetic anomaly profiles over two thin sheets separated by a small distance resemble those of dykes andvice versa. Interpretation of anomalies over a pair of sheets based on the magnetic properties of dykes predicts a dyke whose centre lies midway between the positions of the sheets. The dyke, on the other hand, is magnetically equivalent to a pair of sheets, both lying at the same depth and having the same magnetization.The magnetic anomalies due to a pair of sheets can be interpreted by framing linear equations between the anomalies and their distances measured from an arbitrary reference. Application of this method to anomalies of dipping sheets with a finite depth extent is indicated.     

Dual models of pore spaces

We present a model for pore spaces that consists of two parts related by duality: (1) a decomposition of an open polyhedral pore space into open contractible pore bodies separated by relatively open interfaces and (2) a pore network that is homotopy equivalent to the pore space. The dual model is unique and free of parameters, but it relies on regularity conditions for the pore space. We show how to approximate any pore space by the interior of a polyhedral complex such that the regularity conditions are fulfilled. Thus, we are able to calculate the dual model from synthetic porous media and images of real porous media. The pore bodies are unions of relatively open Delaunay cells with respect to the corners of the pore boundary, and the pore network consists of certain at most two-dimensional (2D) Voronoi cells with respect to the corners of the pore boundary. The pore network describes the neighborhood relations between the pore bodies. In particular, any relatively open 2D Delaunay face f separating two pore bodies has a unique (relatively open) dual network edge. In our model, f is a pore throat only if it is hit by its dual network edge. Thus, as opposed to widespread intuition, any pore throat is convex, and adjacent pore bodies are not necessarily separated by pore throats. Due to the duality between the pore network and the decomposition of the pore space into pore bodies it is straightforward to store the geometrical properties of the pore bodies [pore throats] as attributes of the dual network vertices [edges]. Such an attributed network is used to perform 2D drainage simulations. The results agree very well with those from a pore-morphology based modeling approach performed directly on the digital image of a porous medium. Contractibility of the pore bodies and homotopy equivalence of the pore space and the pore network is proven using discrete Morse theory and the nerve theorem from combinatorial topology.     

从三个平面看概数词“好多”与“好几”

概数词“好多”与“好几”在分布、语义辖域、和语用倾向等方面既具有其相同的一面 ,也有相对的一面 ,还有相交叉的一面。它们所能出现的语法位置有异有同 ,“好几”表数范围具有定性和“好多”表数范围则无定性 ,同时还“好几”具有显示个体作用的性质     

The functional evolution and system equilibrium of urban and rural territories

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The coordinated development of urban and rural territorial systems has long been a scientific issue of concern in geography and socioeconomic development in...     

空间坐标系变换的函数梯度描述方法

为了将空间坐标系变换由静态的、不随时间发生变换的情况推广到动态的、随时间发生变换以及任意角度发生变换的情况,基于单位四元数构造的旋转矩阵和罗德里格矩阵的完全等价性,揭示出空间坐标系（空间直角坐标系）变换与函数梯度的数学关系,推导出由函数梯度表示的空间坐标系变换的数学公式,在理论上说明了用函数梯度描述空间坐标系变换的方法。研究表明：在数学意义上,空间坐标系变换的本质是"场",可以用"场"的概念统一以任意角度发生旋转变换的空间坐标系变换特例。为进一步研究空间坐标系随时间发生连续变换的情况或以新的思路为运动载体定姿奠定了理论基础。     

基于替换的组合电路的等价性检验方法

介绍了基于替换的组合电路的等价性检验算法，利用待检验的两个电路的结构相似性来逐步约简电路，从而加速了验证过程。