Impacts of Coagulation Pretreatment on MF Filtration and a Comparative Study of Different Membrane Module Types

Changes in the regulatory requirements and the forthcoming Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Products （D/DBP） Rule will require that drinking water treatment facilities be operated to achieve maximum removals of particles and disinfectant tolerant microorganisms as well as natural organic matter （NOM）. For drinking water production, the use of membrane filtration processes such as microfiltration and ultrafiltration （MF/UF） alone to satisfy the turbidity, particle and microorganism removal a requirement of the surface water treatment regulation （SWTR） is not enough. MF/UF treatment processes can achieve only nominal （10 percent） removal of disinfection by-products （DBP） precursors （James, et al., 1995）. On the other hand, too fast fouling can make the filtration processes more difficult to carry on. To solve these problems, many authors have been interested in installing coagulation pretreatment before membrane filtration to improve membrane performance. However, previous studies reported conflicting results. Some supported the effectiveness of coagulation pretreatment, while others contended that coagulation aggravated membrane performance. This research aims to identify the effects of coagulation pretreatment on membrane filtration through a pilot study using PVDF membrane in combination with analyzing the rationale of coagulation. Another objective of this research was to evaluate the different impacts on membrane performance of using different membrane modules （the submerged module and pressured module）. The results showed that coagulation pretreatment greatly improved the membrane performance, extending the filtration time as well as reducing the permeated organic level, and that the submerged module is much more efficient than the pressured module.     

ATR的工作原理、校准及检测

本文综合了近几年来徕卡有关A TR技术性能的一些文章,并结合大量实践,对里面的观点进行验证,明确一些基本概念,对适合我们使用的方法进行了探讨。其中:——在工作原理上,对ATR硬件在望远镜里的结构,ATR作用时红外激光的发射、接收,图像信号的判断、再判断,偏移的计算,望远镜的驱动,定位,角度值的改正等全过程作了较为详细的介绍;——在A TR的校准方面,明确了校准的目的、对象、方法,介绍了偏移和定位精度,区别了A TR的视准差与常规仪器指标差和视准差的关系,提供了判断校准必要性的前提条件;——在A TR的检测方面,就A TR的测角精度,对如何评定提出了看法,即以某一距离为界,分别规定限差,并给出了相应的公式。此外,介绍了实践中,徕卡和我们自己使用的两种检测方法。特别对后一种方法,提供了较多的测试数据,以及对测试过程的要求、测试结果的评价。这些内容,给国内同行提供了有价值的参考。     

Knowledge rationales in human geography: Economic,policy, empowerment,and methodological

The article presents a systematic review of 152 articles in which the concept of knowledge is applied and that are published in international human geography journals. As the importance of knowledge in society is increasing, especially economic geography has taken up the task of reviewing the concept or role of knowledge in geography. However, there is a need for a more nuanced understanding of knowledge in economic geography, drawing more broadly on human geographical research. The authors analyse how the concept of knowledge is understood and applied in contemporary human geography. Their results demonstrate four knowledge rationales: economic, policy, empowerment, and methodological. Each rationale and their combinations display a particular role and purpose for knowledge, as well as a distinct approach to space. Separately, each rationale provides several insights into a more nuanced understanding of specific aspects of knowledge. When combined, the four rationales offer a holistic overview of the field. The authors conclude that the empowerment rationale offers novel methodological choices towards a more nuanced understanding of knowledge in economic geography.     

对GIS发展及市场前景的探讨

伴随计算机技术发展而形成的新兴技术GIS,它随着计算机技术的高速发展其应用程度及范围更加广泛,市场前景极其美好。本文结合目前信息技术发展的特点,通过探讨G IS主要功能,分析展望GIS的发展空间及市场前景。     

RTK 测量成果质量的分析探讨

介绍了RTK的工作原理,通过分析RTK的误差来源及类型,分析了测量成果的可靠性,并就如何提高测量精度提出了建议。