Defending national linguistic territories in the European Single Market: towards more transnational geolinguistic analysis

This paper calls for more analysis of contemporary transnational linguistic movements. Geographers have hitherto focused on linguistic problems within states and paid less attention to issues that arise as languages, notably English, are used internationally across state boundaries. It does this by examining a conflict that arose when forces integrating the supranational European Single Market space came into conflict with a Member State's determination to protect the linguistic 'integrity' of its national territory. This conflict would appear to be a precursor of similar ones to come as languages increasingly compete in a linguistic market within an integrating Europe and a globalizing world.     

文化邻近对“一带一路”沿线国家间科研合作强度的影响

跨国科研合作是“一带一路”倡议的重要内容,而相互信任则是科研合作的重要基础。由于“一带一路”沿线各国的经济规模和社会文化环境差异都较大,文化邻近对于增进国家间相互信任,进而推动跨国科研合作就具有重要价值。考虑到以往研究主要以合著科研论文数量来测度国家间的科研合作水平,可能放大了经济规模、人口规模、发文总量等的影响,本研究基于2007—2020年间“一带一路”沿线66国间的合著科研论文数量,以改进的Salton指数表征的科研论文合作强度测度国家间科研合作水平,采用社会网络分析、回归分析和GIS空间分析等方法,探究沿线各国在2007—2013年和2014—2020年两个时间段内科研合作强度的演变过程,并以此为基础,着重考察文化邻近的可能影响。研究表明：① 综合分析论文合作规模和合作强度,能够识别出建立在语言、宗教等文化要素邻近之上的两国间真正的强合作关系,宗教邻近有助于增进互信,语言邻近有助于增进相互理解,方便了科研合作过程中的交流和沟通。② 2007年以来,“一带一路”沿线国家间的科研合作空间格局已由“两核九中心”转变为“一核八中心”,中国成为网络中唯一的核心,与其他国家的加权度中心性差距不断扩大。③ 国家发文量、国家间经济发展差距、政治关系、地理距离、语言邻近和宗教邻近等均对科研合作强度有显著影响,其中文化（语言和宗教）邻近的影响最为显著,但也趋于减弱,语言邻近的影响要强于宗教邻近,并且只有语言相同或属于同一语支能够显著促进国家间的科研合作。中国作为“一带一路”倡议的发起国,与沿线大多数国家并不具有天然的文化邻近,在一定程度上阻碍了科研合作网络的建设。未来,有必要更加重视跨文化交流和沟通,以增进科研合作领域的信任关系,推动科研合作取得实效。     

Evolution of Chinese Settlement Geographies in Sydney,Australia

In 1996, there were 250,000 people of Chinese ancestry in metropolitan Sydney. Eighty percent of the first generations among Chinese who arrived in Australia after 1973 were migrants from Hong Kong, Taiwan and Southeast Asia and 20% from China. Some of the migration from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia is skilled migration, a portion of which comprises business professionals in producer services associated with Sydney's emergent global city role. There is no strong level of residential concentration except for those of refugee origin. The sponsored family reunion relatives of the skilled migrants are present indirectly because of the globalization process, although others from the former Indochina are of refugee migration origin. There are thus economic inequalities among different origin groups of Chinese in Sydney. Complex Chinese presences have evolved in Sydney at the neighborhood level partly related to social class, and there are visible impacts in a rejuvenated Chinatown and in several suburban shopping and commercial centers. These presences overlap in terms of community origins, social class, language, and religion but there are discrete impacts in the context of diversity.     

多媒体电子地图集中超媒体结构的语言学机制

通过对现有多媒体电子地图多种信息主体及其关系的分析,阐述了多媒体电子地图集中超媒体结构的语言学机制,并就该理论的实际应用给出了一个实例。     

A Bayesian Network Approach for Offshore Risk Analysis Through Linguistic Variables

This paper presents a new approach for offshore risk analysis that is capable of dealing with linguistic probabilities in Bayesian networks(BNs).In this paper,linguistic probabilities are used to describe occurrence likelihood of hazardous events that may cause possible accidents in offshore operations.In order to use fuzzy information,an f-weighted valuation function is proposed to transform linguistic judgements into crisp probability distributions which can be easily put into a BN to model causal relationships among risk factors.The use of linguistic variables makes it easier for human experts to express their knowledge,and the transformation of linguistic judgements into crisp probabilities can significantly save the cost of computation,modifying and maintaining a BN model.The flexibility of the method allows for multiple forms of information to be used to quantify model relationships,including formally assessed expert opinion when quantitative data are lacking,or when only qualitative or vague statements can be made.The model is a modular representation of uncertain knowledge caused due to randomness,vagueness and ignorance.This makes the risk analysis of offshore engineering systems more functional and easier in many assessment contexts.Specifically,the proposed f-weighted valuation function takes into account not only the dominating values,but also the α-level values that are ignored by conventional valuation methods.A case study of the collision risk between a Floating Production,Storage and Off-loading(FPSO) unit and the authorised vessels due to human elements during operation is used to illustrate the application of the proposed model.     

空间信息的结构、表达及其理解机制

在分析传统地理信息系统理论主要缺陷的基础上,将语言学引入地理信息系统,提出了数字环境下空间信息结构与表达的认识模型——空间信息的语言学模型,探讨了空间信息的语言学特征,主要是语言单位、语法及语义机制,并就其对地理信息系统各环节特别是空间信息的智能化数据处理所产生的影响进行了讨论。     

意义概念的三个模型

弗雷格首先把意义概念引入分析哲学,其真正目的是坚持思想有公认的确定的正确与错误之分,为思想的客观分析提供基础,但其借助的意义即思想的实体化却有违于这个初衷。直接经验论者从直接经验论立场出发,企图在经验世界中找意义,最后走向否定意义本身,分析哲学由此遭到重创。从语言、思想、世界的关系的高度,把弗雷格的意义理论、观念论、用法论的合理精神结合起来,构建了语境—思想意义模型,认为语言的意义既是主观的东西,同时又具有特殊的客观性:由公共客观的语境决定的确定性。语言的意义就是特定语境中的语言所表达的人们的思想。     

Linguistic mechanism of hypermedia structure in multimedia electronic atlas

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APARTHEID WITHIN APARTHEID: AN ASSESSMENT OF OFFICIAL INTRA-BLACK SEGREGATION ON THE WITWATERSRAND,SOUTH AFRICA

Apartheid in South Africa operates at several levels, notably in the policies of state partition and urban residential segregation. The Black population of South African cities resides in racially exclusive townships where the various linguistic groupings are further separated as part of the apartheid policy of state partition. The extent to which linguistic segregation has been enforced in the complex Witwatersrand townships is measured in this paper. The policy has been less effective than other forms of urban segregation, suggesting constraints by the inherited township structures and management problems.     

地图符号的语言学机制及其应用研究

分析并总结地图语言学在GIS技术影响下的发展、变化;通过分析当今地图语言的新特点,阐述地图符号的定义;从语言学角度分析地图符号的语言学机制并提出地图符号的语义概念模型。最后简述该模型在地图符号软件中的应用。