Drought and institutional adaptation in the Great Plains of Alberta and Saskatchewan, 1914–1939

Agriculture in the southern Great Plains of Canada has been particularly vulnerable to prolonged episodes of drought. Using climate data and a precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration index, the extent of the region’s exposure to drought is examined. Between 1914 and 1917, the Dry Belt was particularly vulnerable to drought, whereas after 1928, a much larger region known as the Palliser Triangle covering most of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan was much more exposed to drought. These droughts provoked major institutional adaptation, in particular the establishment of the Special Areas Board by the Government of Alberta, and the creation of the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration by the Government of Canada. Both organizations have proved to be relatively permanent public adaptations to the natural hazard of drought in the region. Moreover, these earlier experiences with prolonged drought as well as institution-building may be of value in helping the residents of the Palliser Triangle adapt to predicted climate changes in the future as well as anticipate some of the barriers to effective institutional adaptation.     

非均匀陆面条件下区域蒸散量计算的遥感模型

非均匀陆面条件下的区域蒸散计算是一个复杂的问题。文中首先在利用遥感资料求取地表特征参数 (如植被覆盖度、地表反照率等 )的基础上 ,建立了裸露地表条件下的裸土蒸发和全植被覆盖条件下植被蒸腾计算模型 ,然后结合植被覆盖度 (植被的垂直投影面积与单位面积之比 )给出非均匀陆面条件下的区域蒸散计算方法。实测资料验算表明该模型具有较高的计算精度。文章最后利用该模型对中国北方地区的蒸散量进行了计算 ,并对该研究区蒸散的特点进行了分析     

Evapotranspiration from citrus trees growing in sandy soilunder drip irrigation with saline water

An experiment on evapotranspiration from citrus trees under irrigation with saline waterwas carried out for 4 months. Two lysimeters planted with a citrus tree in the green house wereused. One lysimeter was irrigated with saline water (NaCl and CaCl2 of 2000 mg/L equivalence,EC = 3.8 dS/m, SAR = 5.9) and the other was irrigated with freshwater using drip irrigation. Theapplied irrigation water was 1.2 times that of the evapotranspiration on the previous day.Evapotranspiration was calculated as the change in lysimeter weight recorded every 30 minutes.The lysimeters were filled with soil with 95.8% sand. The results of the experiment were as follows.(i) The evapotranspiration from citrus tree was reduced after irrigation with saline water. Theevapotranspiration returns to normal after leaching. However it takes months to exhaust the saltfrom the tree. ( ii ) To estimate the impact of irrigation with saline water on the evapotranspirationfrom citrus trees, the reduction coefficient due to salt stress (Ks) was used in this experiment.Evapotranspiration under irrigation with saline water (ETs) can be calculated from evapotranspira-tion under irrigation with freshwater (ET) by the equation ETs = Ks× ET. Ks can be expressed as afunction of ECsw. (iii) The critical soil-water electrical conductivity (ECsw) is 9.5 dS/m, beyondwhich adverse effects on evapotranspiration begin to appear. If ECsw can be controlled at below9.5 dS/m, saline water can be safely used for irrigation.     

澜沧江-湄公河流域径流与气候因子变化的季节差异特征研究

根据DELWARE温度和降水数据、GLDAS蒸散发数据和湄公河干流9个水文站的实测径流,采用回归分析、均值T检验和低通滤波,分析了该流域气候和径流在1950-2017年间的变化情况,经分析表明流域内气候和径流在研究时段内有较大变化,而且在不同的月份呈现不同的变化特征。流域年平均温度整体呈增加趋势,2008年后的平均温度相对2008年前平均温度有显著增加;流域年平均降水的变化幅度不大;流域平均蒸散发在12月-次年2月呈下降趋势,其他月份呈增加趋势,2008-2017年月平均蒸散发与1950-2007年月平均蒸散发相比大幅提升,尤其是在6-10月;湄公河流域年径流没有显著变化,但径流在12月-次年4月呈上升趋势,7-10月呈下降趋势,其中,上升趋势比下降趋势显著,1-4月径流上升趋势在2008年之后更为显著;最小径流在2008年后有显著增加趋势,最大径流在2008年后呈下降趋势;年流量逆转次数自20世纪90年代起有明显升高趋势。通过比较温度、降水、蒸散发和径流在不同时间段的变化情况,可以看出径流在2008年后变化趋势和气候自然变化关系不显著,但可能跟大坝蓄水能力显著提高等人为活动有较大关系。     

Changes in Water Use Efficiency Caused by Climate Change,CO2 Fertilization,and Land Use Changes on the Tibetan Plateau

Terrestrial ecosystem water use efficiency(WUE) is an important indicator for coupling plant photosynthesis and transpiration, and is also a key factor linking the carbon and water cycles between the land and atmosphere. However,under the combination of climate change and human intervention, the change in WUE is still unclear, especially on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Therefore, satellite remote sensing data and process-based terrestrial biosphere models(TBMs) are used in this study to investigate ...     

Estimation of Regional Evapotranspiration by Combining Aircraftand Ground-Based Measurements

Two methods are examined for combining measurements from instrumented aircraftand towers to estimate regional scale evapotranspiration. Aircraft data provided spatially averaged values of properties of the surface, the evaporative fraction and maximum stomatal conductance. These quantities are less sensitive to meteorological conditions than the turbulent fluxes of heat and water vapour themselves. The methods allowed aircraft data collected over several days to be averaged and thus to reduce the random error associated with the temporal under-sampling inherent in aircraft measurements. Evaporative fraction is estimated directly from the aircraft data, while maximum stomatal conductance is estimated by coupling the Penman–Monteith equation to a simple model relating surface conductance to the incoming shortwave radiation and specific humidity saturation deficit. The spatial averages of evaporative fraction and maximum stomatal conductance can then be used with routine tower data to estimate the regional scale evapotranspiration. Data from aircraft flights and six ground based sites during the OASIS field campaign in south–east New South Wales in 1995 have been used to check the methods. Both the evaporative fraction and the maximum stomatal conductance derived from the aircraft data give information on the spatial variability of the surface energy budget at scales from 10 to 100 km. Daily averaged latent heat fluxes estimated using these methods for the OASIS study region agree with the available observations in quasi-stationary conditions or in weakly non-stationary conditions when the data from several aircraft flights are averaged to reduce the impact of short term imbalances in the surface energy budget.     

基于Hydrus-1d模型的农田SPAC系统水分通量估算——以山西省运城市董村农场为例

农田SPAC系统水分通量的研究对提高农业用水效率,缓解我国的水资源短缺现状具有重要作用.本文利用HydruS-1d模型,以山西省运城市董村农场为例,估算了研究区三种主要农作物(夏玉米、棉花和冬小麦)的农田水分通量.结果表明,在模拟期内,夏玉米、棉花和冬小麦的作物蒸腾占蒸散发(T/ET)的比值分别为84.7%、71.6%...     

1960年以来新疆地区蒸发皿蒸发与实际蒸发之间的关系

利用中国新疆地区1960-2005 年109 个设有蒸发皿蒸发观测的常规气象站资料, 并结 合不同驱动场和不同陆面模式的模拟结果, 对蒸发皿蒸发及模拟的实际蒸发的年、各个季节 的变化及其它们的相互联系进行了详细的分析和讨论。结果发现, 在过去的46 年里, 年蒸发 皿蒸发总体上都表现为明显的下降趋势, 而实际蒸发在总体上显著上升, 与蒸发皿蒸发的变 化趋势相反。在80 年代中后期, 蒸发皿蒸发、实际蒸发和降水的转折点(1986 年) 一致, 进 一步说就是无论在转折点的前后, 降水增加的转折性变化与模拟的实际蒸发的转折性增加变 化一致, 而与蒸发皿蒸发减小的转折性变化相反, 这表明, 在新疆地区, 蒸发皿蒸发和实际 蒸散之间具有相反的变化关系, 这支持Brutsaert and Parlange 提出的蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸散 之间具有互补相关关系(变化趋势相反) 的理论。分析气温、降水、湿度、云量和日照时数等 环境变量的变化趋势发现： 降水、云量等表征大气中水分特征的变量表现为明显的上升趋势, 这也间接的证明了蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸散之间存在相反的关系, 而与各个环境变量之间相关 系数的分析则表明, 气温日较差、风速、低云量和降水是与蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发关系最紧 密的环境因子, 它们的变化可能是导致蒸发皿蒸发和蒸散量变化的原因。     

Attribution of trends in meteorological drought during 1960–2016 over the Loess Plateau,China

This study uses two forms of the Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI), namely the PDSI_TH(potential evapotranspiration estimated-by the Thornthwaite equation) and the PDSI_PM(potential evapotranspiration estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith equation), to characterize the meteorological drought trends during 1960–2016 in the Loess Plateau(LP) and its four subregions. By designing a series of numerical experiments, we mainly investigated various climatic factors' contributions to the drought trends at annual, summer, and autumn time scales. Overall, the drying trend in the PDSI_TH is much larger than that in the PDSI_PM. The former is more sensitive to air temperature than precipitation, while the latter is the most sensitive to precipitation among all meteorological factors. Increasing temperature results in a decreasing trend(drying) in the PDSI_TH, which is further aggravated by decreasing precipitation, jointly leading to a relatively severe drying trend. For the PDSI_PM that considers more comprehensive climatic factors, the drying trend is partly counteracted by the declining wind speed and solar radiation. Therefore, the PDSI_PM ultimately shows a much smaller drying trend in the past decades.     

黑河中游地区作物用水效率比较及种植结构调整方向研究

黑河流域地处西北干旱区,水资源短缺是限制其中游绿洲农业发展、下游生态环境保护的首要原因。该流域的中游绿洲农业用水约占总用水量的80%,因此农业节水对流域发展至关重要。在干旱区绿洲农业节水探索中,众多学者主张通过节水技术来提高用水效率,而关于农业种植结构调整对农业节水影响的定量研究较少。本文采用2012年黑河流域蒸散发数据、土地利用数据、降水数据和农业经济统计数据,定量分析黑河中游主要作物需水特征和用水效率差异,尝试从调整作物种植结构角度为其绿洲农业节水提供依据。结果表明：(1)研究区4种主要作物中,玉米生长期需水量最大,其次为小麦、油菜和大麦;(2)考虑降水补给,发现大麦和油菜生长需水可很大程度上依赖降水,而小麦和玉米则需要灌溉,且玉米灌溉需水量远超小麦;(3)作物用水效率由高到低依次为大麦、油菜、小麦和玉米。从用水效率角度而言,考虑种植区位,在黑河中游适当扩大小麦种植规模更有利于提高中游农业用水效率。