通勤时间、社区活动对社区社会资本的影响：基于北京26个社区的调查研究

城市扩张和郊区化显著增加居民的通勤时间,减少居民在社区内及周边开展的日常活动,进而可能对居民的社区社会资本产生消极影响。基于2017年北京市26个社区居民的社区融合与活动日志问卷调查数据,通过构建结构方程模型,探讨通勤时间、社区活动对社区社会资本的影响机制。结果发现,控制居民社会经济属性和社区区位后,长时间通勤会减少居民在社区及周边1 000 m范围内开展的活动,并进一步对社区社交网络结构、社会信任和共同价值等社区社会资本的不同维度产生负面影响。此外,社区活动中社交娱乐活动的中介效应显著,而个人和家庭事务活动中介效应不显著。最后,证实了促进职住平衡、减少职住分离的规划政策对于增加居民社区活动及培育社区社会资本的重要意义。     

The Application of GIS in Education Administration: Protecting Students from Hazardous Roads

Though enrolment by proximity is an official educational policy in Iran, the lack of clearly defined school attendance areas has resulted in an informal open enrolment system where parents may choose public schools outside their residential areas. Two major consequences of parental choice are longer commutes to schools and increased use of motor vehicle transport. To delineate school attendance areas for public female junior high schools in the city of Rasht in Northern Iran, this research used the multiplicatively weighted Voronoi diagram (MWVD) technique to construct school attendance areas. The approach was shown to be useful in developing countries like Iran where accident fatalities are not only disproportionately high but the public school system lacks sufficient educational diversity to offset the societal costs of opting out of neighbourhood schools. A GIS-based specialist package was used for constructing the proposed school attendance areas. Given the MWVD utility in demarcating spaces so that all journeys within them are closest to a chosen point, the research concluded that proposed school attendance areas can result in shorter and more convenient commutes on foot for students. This can eliminate the need to travel by vehicle for the overwhelming majority of students and thus make their journeys more convenient and safer.     

广州市三个圈层社区居民通勤碳排放特征——以都府小区、南雅苑小区和丽江花园为例

低碳城市已成为应对全球气候变化和促进人与自然和谐相处的重要研究领域,但从微观层面探讨城市居民通勤碳排放特征和影响因素的研究较为缺乏.利用对广州市不同圈层社区的问卷调查数据,对其通勤碳排放进行测算,采用分等定级和洛伦兹曲线分析社区间、社区内、个体间的分异,并建立了基于多元回归的社区居民通勤碳排放的影响模型.结果显示:社区居民通勤碳排放较符合“60-20”规律(温室气体排放最多的20％的人排放了总量的60％).中心区和边缘区的通勤碳排放不均等性更大;不同个人、家庭和通勤属性的通勤者的碳排放量存在较大差异;通勤距离、出行交通方式、每天的通勤往返次数、个人的工作月收入和所在街道的人口密度对家庭通勤碳排放有显著影响.     

北京居住与就业的空间错位研究

宏观上将北京作为一个整体,借助于空间错位指数,研究1982、1990和2000年不同地域范围的空间错位情况;微观上,利用调查问卷数据分析边缘区居民通勤的时间、距离、方式及费用.研究发现,宏观上,北京市不同地域范围的空间错位指数及其变化是不同的,北京市20世纪90年代之前空间错位不明显,1982和1990年的空间错位指数(SMI)分别是3.13和1.98,此后以年均增长1.48个点的速度达到2000年的16.81;中心城区三年的SMI非常低且随时间缓慢增长,2000年时仍小于1;城八区的SMI在20年来不断增大且加速发展;同时就业远离居民、居民追逐就业,空间错位的强度取决于两者作用的强弱.微观研究发现,居民就地或就近就业的比例较低,超过50%的通勤者通勤距离在10～40 km之间且每天通勤时间超过1 h,通勤方式以公交、地铁和私家车为主,通勤距离和时间的增长并没有带来费用的相应增长,50%的通勤者每月通勤费用在100元以下.居住与就业的空间错位,导致通勤给居民带来的经济上的压力很小,长时间通勤带来的时间消耗及由此引起的精神消耗才是最主要的.     

武汉市轨道交通站点周边地区职住平衡与建成环境的关系研究

轨道交通的快速发展提高了通勤可达性,也被认为在重构城市职住空间格局进而影响职住关系方面产生重大影响.探究城市轨道交通站点周边地区(下称轨交站点周边地区)就地职住平衡与建成环境的关系,对于通过建成环境设计促进站点尺度职住"微平衡",调节由于轨道交通所导致的区域性职住分离意义重大.本文基于武汉市189个轨交站点刷卡数据,首...     

Changing Effects of Job Accessibility on Employment and Commute: A Case Study of Los Angeles

Accessibility has become a key indicator to evaluate performance of transportation plans and policies. Nevertheless, empirical evidence of the effects of accessibility is inconclusive. The mixed results raise questions about the significance of space and require examining the constancy of job accessibility's effects over time. This research investigates the effects on worker-to-population ratios and commute time between 1990 and 2007–2011 in the Los Angeles metropolitan area using spatial regression models and interactive dummy variables. The results show that higher job accessibility is significantly associated with shorter commute time, and the association between job accessibility and worker-to-population ratios is weak and even insignificant. Moreover, the effects of job accessibility did not significantly change between 1990 and 2007–2011 but fluctuated in between.     

基于手机定位数据的珠海市职住空间特征研究

深入分析职住平衡的概念及内涵,从时间和空间两个视角提出了两种职住平衡测度方法。采用移动手机定位数据对珠海居民的就业和居住空间分布、通勤距离、通勤来源进行了分析,同时测算了各规划分区的职住指数。结果表明：就业地与居住地在空间分布上保持较高的一致性;全市居民以短距离通勤为主,平均通勤距离为2048m,各规划分区的居民通勤距离存在较大差异;各规划分区有80%以上的居民实现了本地就业或居住。同时,从自然、规划、政策方面分析了职住影响因素,并提出了优化产业和人口空间配置、打通各规划分区之间交通瓶颈、合理配套公共服务设施等相关建议。     

Linking Urban Field Theory with Gis and Remote Sensing to Detect Signatures of Rapid Urbanization on the Landscape: Toward a New Approach for Characterizing Urban Sprawl

The effect on travel time of the decentralization of land use is an unresolved issue in the literature on travel behavior. Here we report our testing of the contention that commute times are lower in polycentric than in monocentric urban systems with data from the 1998 Netherlands National Travel Survey. Multilevel regression analysis indicates that the role of urban form variables in the explanation of commute times is limited in comparison with micro-level personal and household characteristics. Car commute times are shown to be higher in most poly-centric systems. In addition, car commute times tend to increase with higher residential densities and with the size of daily urban systems (DUS). The results suggest that the relocation of residences and employment in the Netherlands has not by and large led to lower commute times. One reason for this might be the strong spatial planning tradition in the Netherlands.     

中国中西部大城市的职住平衡与通勤效率——以西安为例

城市规划和政策若追求减少小汽车依赖,增加公共交通的吸引力和改善生活品质,职住平衡是当中不可忽视的问题、甚至是策略。既有职住平衡研究很少审视发展中的城市,尤其是中国西部城市。本文提出了影响职住平衡的6 组因素,而职住平衡影响通勤效率。6 组因素对于不同发展阶段的城市影响也不同。因此有必要辨识出影响发展中城市的具体因素以便改善其职住平衡和通勤效率。改善职住平衡和通勤效率有助于这些城市吸引人才和提高它们在交通机动性、生活品质和可持续方面的竞争力。利用2011 年西安市居民交通调查的59967个样本,研究了该市的通勤效率、职住平衡和过剩通勤,并和其它国内外城市可比指标进行比较。本文发现西安平均通勤距离较短,通勤效率较高。从交通分析小区的水平,西安职工的平均通勤距离和工作岗位/居民数量和工作岗位总数成反比。当地单位大院的职住平衡和通勤效率较好,但正在降低。