玄武质岩石的单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄谱

报道了托云、东浮山、羊角、雪花山和山旺5处新生代玄武岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果。位于西南天山造山带的托云新生代玄武岩的14个测点年龄值十分发散,最大值与最小值分别为857.1和203.4Ma,它们与其余4件玄武岩样品49个SHRIMP锆石测点年龄一同构筑了涵盖各个地质时期几乎贯穿整个地质时间的复杂年龄谱。位于华北克拉通中部区域南太行山造山带的东浮山、羊角和雪花山新生代玄武岩3件样品累计36个锆石测点形成的锆石年龄谱相对简单,其中35个测点的年龄集中在1719.9～2641.6Ma,唯一的古生代年龄(311.3Ma)出现在雪花山玄武岩7.1测点。位于华北克拉通东部裂谷带内山旺玄武岩6件样品27个测点的单颗粒锆石年龄构筑的锆石年龄谱形成3个集中时间段,分别为新太古代—古元古代(2595.4～1852.2Ma)、古生代(385.8～271.1Ma)和中生代(109.4Ma)。3个年龄谱中大部分单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄均能在各自所处区域内发现与之对应的岩浆-热事件,部分单颗粒锆石年龄可能暗示所在区域至今未发现的岩浆热事件,托云、东浮山-羊角-雪花山、山旺新生代玄武岩的复杂单颗粒锆石年龄谱再造了各自所处区域的地质演化史。3个锆石年龄谱的复杂程度与各自区域地表出露岩浆岩的规模和期次复杂程度相关,天山造山带内岩浆岩发育,托云玄武岩锆石年龄普最复杂,记录了天山造山带的演化,而华北克拉通中部区域南太行山造山带地表零星出露岩浆岩,东浮山-羊角-雪花山玄武岩的锆石年龄普最简单。处于后期遭受破坏改造的华北克拉通东部裂谷带内的山旺玄武岩的单颗粒锆石年龄谱,其复杂程度明显低于托云玄武岩的年龄谱,而又高于东浮山-羊角-雪花山玄武岩的年龄谱。鉴于玄武质岩浆同化混染围岩过程中能量消耗和地球化学印记以及玄武质岩浆上升的耗时限制,认为托云、东浮山、羊角、雪花山和山旺新生代玄武岩中具有复杂年龄信息的锆石捕掳晶不是玄武质岩浆在快速上升过程中从围岩中捕获的,而是在岩石圈拆沉过程中进入软流圈地幔中,随着具原生岩浆性质的玄武质岩浆喷发到达地表。     

山东中新世山旺组生物群的古生态

山东临朐产出的中新世山旺组化石群,保存精美、属种分异度高。50多年来,经发掘和研究,目前已从约30余米的硅藻页岩沉积中报导了真菌、硅藻、介形虫、孢粉、昆虫、鱼类、两栖动物、爬行类、鸟类、哺乳动物及遗迹化石等十几个门类的化石,共计400余属700多种。本文总结了化石与周围无机界的关系、化石的埋藏特征、形成原因以及相关古生态学问题――古气候、古温度、古纬度、古地形、山旺湖的水文性质、湖水的季节性变化与硅藻页岩的纹层、动植物群的营养结构以及山旺盆地的沉积历史。     

山旺盆地的成因及其地质意义

前人一般认为山旺盆地是一个深度不大的封闭性淡水剥蚀盆地。笔者认为它是一个火山口成因的封闭—半封闭盆地。盆地的发展经历了3个发展阶段:早期为火山喷发作用形成火山口,并造成火山碎屑物堆积:中期堆积了较厚层的沉积物,主要为粘土质岩石,如硅藻质页岩、泥岩,此外,还有少量的砂岩、砾岩;晚期为玄武岩充填,致使整个盆地完全封闭。在盆地发展过程中,早期为封闭环境,中、晚期为半封闭环境。火山碎屑物的再堆积和分解对于生物死亡和埋藏可能具有重要的意义;该区第三纪中心式火山作用非常强烈,通过详细的区域地质调查,有可能找到更多的化石产地和硅藻土矿。     

临朐山旺古动物群简介

山旺国家自然保护区于1980年国务院批准公布,面积1．2km2,位于临朐县城东22km处,该区为玛珥湖,蕴藏古生物化石丰富,种类繁多,目前已发现10多个门类700多种,形成于新近纪中新世,距今约1800万年。     

山东临朐陶家庄白垩矿地质特征

山东临朐白垩矿赋存于新近纪临朐群山旺组中，矿体呈层状产出，倾斜平缓，东南薄、西北厚，平均厚度17．36m，厚度和品位变化稳定。在矿区北部，矿体内发育有玄武岩夹层，呈舌状近水平产出，约4～12m厚。矿床形成于新生代山旺期湖相盆地中，为化学和生物化学作用沉积形成。矿体底板为牛山组气孔一杏仁状玄武岩，其顶板为尧山组橄榄玄武岩。因长期风化剥蚀作用，大部分矿体的顶板已剥蚀掉，第四系黄土直接覆盖在矿体顶部。     

Deformation microstructures of olivine and pyroxene in mantle xenoliths in Shanwang,eastern China,near the convergent plate margin,and implications for seismic anisotropy

Deformation microstructures, including lattice-preferred orientations (LPOs) of olivine, enstatite, and diopside, in mantle xenoliths at Shanwang, eastern China, were studied to understand the deformation mechanism and seismic anisotropy of the upper mantle. The Shanwang is located across the Tan-Lu fault zone, which was formed due to the collision between the Sino-Korean and South China cratons. All samples are spinel lherzolites and wehrlites, and LPOs of minerals were determined using scanning electron microscope/electron backscattered diffraction. We found two types of olivine LPO: type-B in spinel lherzolites and type-E in wehrlites. Enstatite showed two types of LPO (types BC and AC), and diopside showed four different types of LPO. Observations of strong LPOs and numerous dislocations in olivine suggest that samples showing both type-B and -E LPOs were deformed in dislocation creep. The seismic anisotropy of the P-wave was in the range of 2.2–11.6% for olivine, 1.2–2.3% for enstatite, and 2.1–6.4% for diopside. The maximum seismic anisotropy of the shear wave was in the range 1.93–7.53% for olivine, 1.53–2.46% for enstatite, and 1.81–6.57% for diopside. Furthermore, the thickness of the anisotropic layer was calculated for four geodynamic models to understand the origin of seismic anisotropy under the study area by using delay time from shear wave splitting, and S-wave velocity and anisotropy from mineral LPOs. We suggest that the seismic anisotropy under the study area can be most likely explained by two deformation modes that might have occurred at different times: one of deformed lherzolites with a type-B olivine LPO by lateral shear during/after the period of the Mesozoic continental collision between the Sino-Korean and South China cratons; and the other deformed the wehrlites with a type-E olivine LPO by horizontal extension during the period of change in absolute plate motion in relation to the westward-subducting Pacific plate.     

山旺古火山口的发现与山旺化石的形成环境

鲁西山旺组地层由于层理极簿和保存有大量精美化石而著称。过去曾认为山旺组是沉积在深度不大的淡水剥蚀盆地之中,1981年经笔者实地考察,发现所谓的“山旺盆地”实际上是一个典型的双重式火山口,定名为“山旺古火山口”。山旺组岩层皆沉积在火山口中,属火口湖相。在山旺火山口中,由于水质和水温异常,除硅藻外其它正常生物很难生存,外界生物落入其中,既不能生活,死后也不能被其它生物所食或被细菌分解,因而,可以被完整地保存下来,成为有骨有肉,有毛有羽的精美化石,     

中新世山旺盆地植被演替与环境变迁

山东省临朐县山旺盆地中新世植物群及其研究成果闻名遐迩 ,但是在植物群的研究上依然有以下问题 :(1)在植物分类鉴定方面 ,缺乏解剖学特征研究 ;(2 )在植被演替的研究上 ,缺乏高分辨率的时间尺度 ;(3)在古环境和古气候的分析上 ,缺乏定量化标准 ;(4 )在时间和空间范围上 ,需要拓展性研究。针对上述问题 ,我们首先将山旺组富含化石的硅藻土沉积划分为 19层 ,然后以厘米级间距逐层采集标本和孢粉样品 ,目的是进行高分辨率研究和保证多种材料、多种方法研究结果的可比性。在植物类群研究方面 ,我们已经报道了中国可靠的、国际公认的化石杜仲新记录 ,建立了一个新属(Chaneya) ,而且开展了山旺古果实学的研究。在古植被演替的研究上 ,孢粉学研究表明山旺中新世植被经历了 5个发展阶段。应用特有种气候分析法、共存分析法、叶相分析对山旺中新世的古气候进行定量重建 ,获得诸如年均温、降水量、相对湿度等气象数值。根据国际学术界的最新动向 ,今后有必要在全球变化和亚洲古环境的宏观背景下加强和拓展山旺植物群的研究 ,如 :深入研究植物演化过程和植被演替的规律 ,从地层沉积物和植物化石上提取全球气候变化的信息 ,搜寻东亚季风形成和兴盛的新证据 ,探讨植物对洋流改变和新生代第 3次重大撞击事件的响应     

Neogene Paleoseismic Events and the Shanwang Biota’s Burial in the Linqu Area, Shandong Province, China

Several paleoseismic events are recorded in the Neogene Linqu Group, exposed in the Linqu area, Shandong Province, China. The events were interpreted on the basis of fieldwork and laboratory analysis, which showed the presence of seismites with plastically deformed soft-sediment deformation structures in the Shanwang Formation, and of seismic volcanic rocks in the Yaoshan Formation which show brittle deformation. The earthquake-triggered soft-sediment deformations in the seismites include load structures, ball-and-pillow structures, flame structures, pillow-like beds, boudinage structures, slump folds, syn-depositional faults, veins of liquefied sand, and dikes of liquefied sandy lime-mud. The seismic activity is also reflected in what might be called ‘brittle seismites'; these originated when, under the influence of seismic vibrations, semi-consolidated conglomerate was shattered. Moreover, volcanic activity is related to intense earthquakes that affected basalts intercalated with sand layers; these successions are known as ‘seismic volcanic rocks', which are characterized by veins of liquefied sand intruding the basalts. All above traces of paleoseismic activity were left from one single time span of 4 Ma with active seismicity that took place 14–10 Ma. This time span is known as ‘the Linqu Neogene Paleoseismic Active Period', which is divided into four paleoseismic episodes, which were responses to tectonic extension and basin rifting in this area. It even includes the activity of the Yishu Fault Zone during the Miocene and the Neogene. The ratios of trace elements in the seismites, w(La)/w(Sc) and w(La)/w(Th) are higher than the average value of the upper crust, but w(Th)/w(Sc) is lower; this is geochemical evidence for the basin rifting that resulted in a high sedimentation rate. The intense and frequent paleo-earthquakes are held responsible for the rapid burial of the Shanwang Biota. Secondary earthquake-induced processes(e.g. slumping of a lake shore and the strongly increased lacustrine sedimentation rate) contributed to the rapid burial of the biota.     

山旺盆地山旺组层序地层格架

山旺盆地山旺组沉积发育持续时间大致相当于一个经典三级层序的持续时间。山旺组地层可以划分为一个三级层序 ,这个层序内部又可以划分出低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域等三个体系域。山旺组层序中不同体系域的发育特征可能受火山活动控制 ,与郯庐断裂活动有关的火山活动决定了层序发育的各个阶段。在相同构造背景下 ,山旺盆地、包家河盆地和青山盆地的中新世对应层位的层序发育特征具有可比性。