中国工业烟粉尘排放时空演化及其影响因素

采用空间分析和空间杜宾模型等方法,研究1999—2017年中国工业烟粉尘排放时空演化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：① 中国工业烟粉尘排放空间分布差异明显,其排放的基尼系数和污染物分布指数均呈现下降态势,空间集中程度有所缓和。② 中国工业烟粉尘排放空间分布呈东北?西南走向,其排放中心不断由东南向西北方向迁移。③ 中国工业烟粉尘排放存在空间相关性和空间溢出效应,其冷热点区空间分布发生显著变化。④ 能源消耗、第二产业比重、人口密度和经济发展水平的提升将会增加工业烟粉尘排放,而外资水平、治理技术水平和环境规制力度的提升则有利于减少工业烟粉尘排放。     

食物类型和浓度对双齿许水蚤摄食的影响

在不同饵料条件下,对双齿许水蚤(Schmackeria dubin)的清滤率(mL.只-1.h-1)、滤食率(细胞.只-1.h-1)和摄食率(mg.只-1.h-1)进行了测定。结果表明:以湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis)为饵料,其浓度为15×104～120×104 mL-1时,双齿许水蚤的摄食率达到较大;分别饲以同生物量的牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros müelleri)、亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)、湛江等鞭金藻、小球藻(Chlorella sp.)时,饵料为角毛藻和扁藻时双齿许水蚤的摄食率达到较大;饲以同生物量的牟氏角毛藻、亚心形扁藻、湛江等鞭金藻、小球藻、颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)、小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)六种藻的混合饵料时,双齿许水蚤对湛江等鞭金藻的摄食率和选食率均为最大,分别为0.0458 mg.只-1.h-1和17.1%。可见,饵料浓度、饵料种类、混合饵料对双齿许水蚤的清滤率和摄食率均有显著影响(P<0.05)。     

铜、镉离子和三丁基锡对火腿许水蚤T-SOD的影响

采用体外亚致死毒性实验,研究铜、镉离子和三丁基锡(TBT)的单一和联合作用对桡足类火腿许水蚤(Schmackeria poplesia)总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)的影响。实验结果表明,火腿许水蚤T-SOD活性对各组污染物毒性均敏感,随暴露时间延长发生显著的变化。单一毒性处理的火腿许水蚤T-SOD活性总体上呈先上升后下降的趋势,Cu2+、Cd2+暴露下的各组T-SOD活性分别在482、4 h达到最高,TBT暴露的诱导作用不显著,除低浓度Cu2+、Cd2+组外,各组T-SOD活性后期受到抑制,均在96 h降到最低。联合毒性处理的T-SOD活性变化更加复杂,总体上表现为先下降后上升再下降的趋势,各组T-SOD活性主要受到抑制,Cu2+-Cd2+、Cu2+-TBT、Cd2+-TBT联合作用的分别在12~24、24、36 h有最低值。     

火腿许水蚤对牙鲆仔稚鱼成活、生长及脂肪酸组成的影响

在分析火腿许水蚤、卤虫无节幼体及轮虫这3种饵料生物脂肪酸组成的基础上,研究它们对牙鲆仔稚鱼存活、生长及脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明:火腿许水蚤体内3种高度不饱和脂肪酸(ARA,EPA,DHA)总量为34.18%,明显高于其它2种动物的含量(卤虫无节幼体4.67%;小球藻强化轮虫9.39%)。投喂火腿许水蚤的仔鱼成活率极显著高于投喂卤虫无节幼体的仔鱼,与投喂混合饵料(卤虫无节幼体和火腿许水蚤按比例混合)的仔鱼存活率差异较显著;其全长增长倍数和增重倍数极显著高于投喂卤虫无节幼体和混合饵料的仔鱼。投喂火腿许水蚤的稚鱼成活率显著高于投喂卤虫无节幼体的稚鱼,与投喂混合饵料的稚鱼存活率差异不显著;其全长增长倍数和增重倍数极显著高于投喂卤虫无节幼体和混合饵料的稚鱼。投火腿许水蚤的仔稚鱼体内ARA、EPA、DHA的含量明显高于投喂混合饵料的和投喂卤虫无节幼体的仔稚鱼。     

Effects of calanoid copepod Schmackeria poplesia as a live food on the growth, survival and fatty acid composition of larvae and juveniles of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Zooplankton constitutes a major part of the diet for fish larvae in the marine food web, and it is generally believed that copepods can meet the nutritional requirements of fish larvae. In this study, calanoid copepod Schmackeria poplesia, rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and anostraca crustacean Artemia sp. were analyzed for fatty acid contents, and were used as live food for culturing larval Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. The total content of three types of HUFAs (DHA, EPA and ARA) in S. poplesia was significantly higher than that in the other two live foods (P<0.01). Three live organisms were used for raising larvae and juveniles of Paralichthys olivaceus respectively for 15 and 10 d. Then the growth, survival and fatty acid composition of the larvae and juveniles were investigated. The results showed that the larvae and juveniles fed with copepods (S. poplesia) had significantly higher growth rate than those fed with the other two organisms (P<0.01). The survival of the flounder larvae fed with copepods was significantly higher than that of the others (P<0.01), and the survival of the juvenile fish fed with copepods was higher than that fed with Artemia (P<0.05). The contents of three types of HUFAs (DHA, EPA and ARA) and the ratio of DHA/EPA in larval and juvenile flounder P. olivaceus were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of DHA, EPA and ARA in the larvae and juveniles fed with S. poplesia were higher than those fed with a mixed diet or Artemia only, and the ratio of EPA/ARA in larvae and juveniles of P. olivaceus fed with S. poplesia was lower than that in the case of feeding with a mixed diet or Artemia only. The present data showed that copepod is the best choice for feeding the larvae and juveniles of fish considering its effects on the survival, growth and nutrition composition of the fish.     

四种理化因子对双齿许水蚤卵子孵化率的影响

研究了温度、盐度、pH、光照强度等理化因子对双齿许水蚤(Schmackeria dubin)孵化率的影响。结果表明,温度对双齿许水蚤的孵化率影响显著(P<0.05),其最适温度为30℃,孵化率达82.7%;盐度对双齿许水蚤的孵化率影响不显著(P>0.05),在盐度5~40的范围内均能正常孵化;pH对双齿许水蚤的孵化率影响显著(P<0.05),其适宜pH为6.5~8.5,孵化率达83.0%;光照强度对双齿许水蚤的孵化率影响显著(P<0.05),在照度为100 lx时其孵化率为69.1%,在1 000 lx时孵化率大幅度降低至8.8%,在4 000 lx以上时,其不能孵化甚至出现死亡。     

福建九龙江口火腿许水蚤各发育期耐盐能力与生态分布的关系

利用驯化及世代培养，对生活于福建九龙江口低盐水域的火腿许水蚤的生理耐盐能力进行了研究．结果显示不同发育期的个体具有不同的生理耐盐范围，耐盐能力随着个体发育呈无节幼体〈桡足幼体〈成体的趋势增长。在盐度变化的环境中无节幼体的耐盐能力是决定其群体增殖量的主要因素，并进而影响其生态分布。盐度驯化能有效地扩大该种桡足类的耐盐范围，从而了解其潜在的地理分布范围。火腿许水蚤表现出较强的对高盐环境的潜在适应能力，但无法适应淡水环境。这表明其在该水域的生态分布状况不仅是生理耐盐能力的反映，种间竞争和河口水文条件也是造成这一现象的重要影响因素。