基于偏振植被指数的植被-土壤混合像元室内实验研究

混合像元是遥感影像中普遍存在的一种现象,对其组成和各成分比例的反演一直是遥感研究中的重难点,而国内利用偏振植被指数对混合像元的研究几乎没有涉及。本次研究通过对不同面积比例的植被-土壤混合像元偏振反射高光谱特征进行分析,讨论不同条件下的植被-土壤混合像元偏振高光谱特性,并利用偏振反射比计算了12种0°偏振态下的偏振植被指数,分别构建了植被指数与植被面积比例以及光谱特征参数与植被面积比例的数学模型。结果表明,混合像元中植被面积比例和偏振角均对其偏振高光谱有一定的影响;865 nm的偏振反射比与植被占像元面积比例的相关性最好,采用多项式进行拟合时,其决定系数达到0.99,适合进行植被占像元面积比例的反演;偏振光谱“红边”处的一阶微分值与植被像元比例存在良好的线性相关,R²=0.974;植被面积比例与植被指数和光谱特征参数呈现良好的相关关系,其中P-DVI和光谱吸收指数（SAI）与植被面积比例的拟合效果最好,决定系数分别为0.99以及0.94,适合进行植被-土壤混合像元中植被面积比例的反演。     

Effect of dissolved oxygen on swimming ability and physiological response to swimming fatigue of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The swimming endurance of whiteleg shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei, 87.66 mm ± 0.25 mm, 7.73 g ± 0.06 g) was examined at various concentrations of dissolved oxygen(DO, 1.9, 3.8, 6.8 and 13.6 mg L-1) in a swimming channel against one of the five flow velocities(v1, v2, v3, v4 and v5). Metabolite contents in the plasma, hepatopancreas and pleopods muscle of the shrimp were quantified before and after swimming fatigue. The results revealed that the swimming speed and DO concentration were significant factors that affected the swimming endurance of L. vannamei. The relationship between swimming endurance and swimming speed at various DO concentrations can be described by the power model(ν·tb = a). The relationship between DO concentration(mg L-1) and the swimming ability index(SA∫ 9000I), defined as SAI =vdt( cm), can be described as SAI = 27.947 DO0.137(R2 = 0.9312). The 0level of DO concentration directly affected the physiology of shrimp, and exposure to low concentrations of DO led to the increases in lactate and energetic substrate content in the shrimp. In responding to the low DO concentration at 1.9 mg L-1 and the swimming stress, L. vannamei exhibited a mix of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism to satisfy the energetic demand, mainly characterized by the utilization of total protein and glycogen and the production of lactate and glucose. Fatigue from swimming led to severe loss of plasma triglyceride at v1, v2, and v3 with 1.9 mg L-1 DO, and at v-11 with 3.8, 6.8 and 13.6 mg L DO, whereas the plasma glucose content increased significantly at v3, v4 and v5 with 3.8 and 6.8 mg L-1 DO, and at v5 with 13.6 mg L-1 DO. The plasma total protein and hepatopancreas glycogen were highly depleted in shrimp by swimming fatigue at various DO concentrations, whereas the plasma lactate accumulated at high levels after swimming fatigue at different velocities. These results were of particular value to understanding the locomotory ability of whiteleg shrimp and its physiological changes, further contributing to the improvement of capture and rearing technique.     

Do climate engineering experts display moral-hazard behaviour?

Discourse analyses and expert interviews about climate engineering (CE) report high levels of reflectivity about the technologies’ risks and challenges, implying that CE experts are unlikely to display moral hazard behaviour, i.e. a reduced focus on mitigation. This has, however, not been empirically tested. Within CE experts we distinguish between experts for radiation management (RM) and for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and analyse whether RM and CDR experts display moral hazard behaviour. For RM experts, we furthermore look at whether they agree to laboratory and field research, and how they perceive the risks and benefits of one specific RM method, Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI). Analyzing experts’ preferences for climate-policy options, we do not find a reduction of the mitigation budget, i.e. moral hazard, for RM or CDR experts compared to climate-change experts who are neither experts for RM nor for CDR. In particular, the budget shares earmarked for RM are low. The perceptions of risks and benefits of SAI are similar for RM and climate-change experts. Despite the difference in knowledge and expertise, experts and laypersons share an understanding of the benefits, while their perceptions of the risks differ: experts perceive the risks to be larger.

Key policy insights

• Experts surveyed all prioritize mitigation over carbon dioxide removal and in particular radiation management.

• In the views of the experts, SAI is not a viable climate policy option within the next 25 years, and potentially beyond, as global field-testing (which would be a precondition for long-term deployment) is widely rejected.

• In the case of SAI, greater knowledge leads to increased awareness of the uncertainty and complexity involved. Policy-makers need to be aware of this relationship and the potential misconceptions among laypersons with limited knowledge, and should follow the guidelines about communicating risks and uncertainties of CE that experts have been advised to follow.

     

基于位移逆Krylov子空间的全波形航空瞬变电磁法三维数值模拟和响应特征

为了研究复杂地电模型的航空瞬变电磁法全波形响应特征,需要开发考虑发射波形的三维数值模拟算法。本研究基于非结构四面体网格和位移逆Krylov子空间(Shift-and-Invert Krylov,简称SAI Krylov)方法,采用基于电偶极子离散的场源处理方法模拟场源,在时间域进行计算实现了全波形航空瞬变电磁法矢量有限元三维数值模拟。使用均匀半空间模型在阶跃波、半正弦波、三角波和梯形波激发下的全波形解析解、VTEM实际激发波形的后推欧拉算法计算结果,检验了本研究开发的数值模拟算法的正确性。设计地表起伏异常体模型,计算和分析了航空瞬变电磁响应特征。开发的基于位移逆Krylov子空间的全波形航空瞬变电磁法三维数值模拟算法适合模拟复杂地电模型的响应,具有较高的计算精度。     

温度、盐度及pH对斜带石斑鱼受精卵孵化和仔鱼活力的影响

比较观察了不同温度(20、22、24、26、28、30和32℃)、不同盐度(5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40和45)及不同pH(5.0、5.5、6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5、9.0和9.5)下斜带石斑鱼Epinephelus coioides受精卵的培育周期、孵化周期、孵化率和畸形率。在以上各种条件下对斜带石斑鱼初孵仔鱼进行耐饥饿试验,测定其不投饵存活系数(Survival activity index,SAI)。结果表明,斜带石斑鱼受精卵孵化的适宜温度范围是24—30℃,最适温度范围是24—26℃;受精卵孵化的适宜盐度范围是15—45,最适盐度范围是20—30;受精卵孵化的适宜pH范围是5.5—8.5,最适pH范围是6.5—7.5。仔鱼生存的适宜温度范围是24—32℃,最适温度范围是24—26℃;仔鱼生存的适宜盐度为10—40,最适生存盐度为15—30;仔鱼生存的适宜pH是5.5—9.0,而最适pH是7.0—8.5。斜带石斑鱼受精卵和仔鱼对以上3种环境因子的耐受范围基本相同。