Runoff responses to afforestation in a watershed of the Loess Plateau,China

Afforestation has been suggested as a means of improving soil and water conservation in north‐western China, especially on the Loess Plateau. Understanding of the hydrological responses to afforestation will help us develop sustainable watershed management strategies. A study was conducted during the period of 1956 to 1980 to evaluate runoff responses to afforestation in a watershed on the Loess Plateau with an area of 1·15 km², using a paired watershed approach. Deciduous trees, including locust (locusta L.), apricot (praecox L.) and elm (ulmus L.), were planted on about 80% of a treated watershed, while a natural grassland watershed remained unchanged. It was estimated that cumulative runoff yield in the treated watershed was reduced by 32% as a result of afforestation. A significant trend was also observed that shows annual runoff reduction increases with the age of the trees planted. Reduction in monthly runoff occurred mainly from June to September, which was ascribed to greater rainfall and utilization by trees during this period. Afforestation also resulted in reduction in the volume and peak flow of storm runoff events in the treated watershed with greater reduction in peak flow. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The hydrological influence of black locust plantations in the loess area of northwest China

Black locust (Robina pseudoacacia) has become one of the most important shelter species in the loess area of northwest China. This paper summarizes recent research concerning its hydrological influence, including canopy interception, litter absorption capacity, its effect on rainfall kinetic energy, infiltration rates, surface runoff, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration, and its role in soil conservation. Several predictive models are listed. on the basis of existing results, optimum characteristics for an effective plantation are defined, and problems requiring further research are identified.     

分布式侵蚀预报模型中网格面积的选定——以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区为例

在分布式土壤侵蚀过程模型中 ,承载数据以及进行运算的最小单元 ,即基本地块的选取是非常关键的 ,它直接关系到模型的模拟精度和运算数据量。目前大多数分布式模型都采用平均布设矩形网格的方法 ,这种方法在基本网格的大小选取上存在着盲目性和不统一性。本文以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区为例 ,利用GIS和SPSS分析了黄土高原丘陵沟壑区属性均一的基本地块在面积上的统计规律 ,给出了基本地块选取的合理依据 ,以促进建立更好的分布式模型     

Geochronology of Middle and Upper Pleistocene Loess Sections in Hungary

The application of both thermoluminescence and infrared stimulated luminescence dating to the extensively studied “classical” Hungarian loess/paleosol sequences from Basaharc, Mende, and Paks provides a reliable chronological framework and climatostratigraphic reconstruction for the last interglacial/glacial cycle. Based on this combined luminescence dating study a new chronology is proposed for the “Young Loess” in Hungary. Luminescence dating suggests that the loess below the MF2 horizon formed during the penultimate glaciation. The MF1 horizon probably formed during an interstade within oxygen isotope stage 3. For the youngest loess, overlying MF1, a very high accumulation rate was determined. Large time gaps occur above MF2 and MF1, indicating that most of the record of the last glaciation is missing in the standard sections at Basaharc, Mende, and Paks. Either large discontinuities or a very low accumulation rate occurred in all three type sections during the soil-forming periods. High-resolution studies of climatic proxies using this combined luminescence dating approach provide a reliable chronological framework for loess and loess derivatives of the last glacial cycle in Hungary, although a precise and complete chronostratigraphic reconstruction cannot be achieved from the incomplete records found at these sites.     

黄土滑坡研究现状与设想

黄土滑坡因其危害大、分布广成为近年工程地质研究热点问题。首先对黄土滑坡类型划分进行了讨论,基于滑坡物质组成及主滑面发育位置的黄土滑坡分类方案反映了我国黄土滑坡的主控因素,各类滑坡活动特征明确,建议将其作为黄土滑坡分类的首选方案。对黄土滑坡的发生、滑动机制以及滑坡液化机制进行了评述,并就两类典型液化型黄土滑坡滑动模式、进一步研究思路进行了讨论。对地震诱发黄土滑坡进行了专门的述评。最后,对今后黄土滑坡研究提出了几点设想。     

黄土高原半干旱区非均一下垫面粗糙度分析

利用2007年4月17日-2008年4月16日兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站边界层气象塔的风速、 风向、 温度、 气压、 湿度等观测资料, 采用经典的廓线法和风速、 风向标准差法, 分别计算了中性大气层结下观测站下垫面粗糙度长度, 并得到了具有黄土高原地理特征的地表粗糙度及其时空变化特征。计算结果表明, 季节变化对粗糙度的影响幅度可达0.159 m, 空间非均一性对粗糙度的影响幅度可达0.155 m。测站附近粗糙度春季为0.017 m, 夏季为0.062 m, 秋季为0.065 m, 冬季为0.018 m。测站西北方向上游粗糙度春季为0.17 m, 夏季为0.22 m, 秋季为0.34 m, 冬季为0.05 m。测站东南方向上游粗糙度春季为0.11 m, 夏季为0.17 m, 秋季为0.19 m, 冬季为0.05 m。该站下垫面粗糙度计算宜选用风速为6±1.5 m·s-1, 风向变化30°范围内的数据。     

不同平均时间对LOPEX10资料涡动相关湍流通量计算结果影响的探讨

通过处理涡动相关系统观测的近地层湍流脉动量可以获取地—气间感热和潜热通量,然而选择不同平均时间对通量计算的结果有较大影响。采用黄土高原陆面过程野外观测试验(LOPEX10)期间获得的涡动相关系统观测资料,分析了不同平均时间对湍流通量计算的影响,并采用雷诺平均和分解方法推导了平均时间引起的通量差值的数学表达式(Flux Compensation,FC)。结果表明:(1)FC公式可以说明采用不同平均时间数据之间的关系,也可以直接计算低频涡旋对湍流通量的贡献。FC公式计算的结果与直接计算的不同平均时间通量计算之差的相关系数在0.95以上,并可以确定计算湍流通量的最佳平均时间。(2)通过采用Ogive函数确定了计算LOPEX10期间通量的最佳平均时间长度为30min,印证了利用雷诺平均和分解方法计算湍流通量补偿的准确性。(3)通过进一步的数学变换,证明了平均时间对湍流通量计算的影响直接与湍流低频变化相关,FC公式可以用来确定涡动相关观测数据的最佳平均时间,并且在获得较高时间分辨率的湍流通量数据的同时,补偿因平均时间过短而遗漏的低频信息。     

曹岘黄土和小良山红土剖面磁化率解释机制的差异

磁化率因其磁测方法快捷、简便和没有破坏性的优点,作为一种研究手段以利用环境物质的磁性来恢复古环境,分析磁性矿物在环境系统中的迁移、转化和组合规律等方面,得到了快速而广泛的应用,取得了一系列研究成果。事实上影响沉积物磁化率的因素是多种多样的,因此在具体应用磁化率分析古环境上要持慎重态度,并结合其他实验结果进行解释,尤其要注意沉积类型的差别对解释磁化率结果的影响。为进一步分析磁化率对古环境的指示意义,本文选取黄土和红土两种沉积类型进行磁化率测试,了解不同类型沉积物的磁化率指示意义,为正确解析磁化率提供依据。     

山西吕梁黄土崩滑类型及发育规律

山西吕梁地区地质环境脆弱,属于晋西黄土高原崩塌、滑坡地质灾害易发区。黄土崩滑地质灾害给当地造成了巨大经济损失和重大人员伤亡。通过对吕梁地区地质灾害调查,结合原位测试与室内试验,研究了吕梁地区黄土崩滑地质灾害类型和发育规律。依据构成边坡的地层岩性与地质结构、滑动面发育位置,将吕梁地区黄土滑坡类型划分为:Q3单一黄土层内滑动和Q3-Q2-N2组合地层结构层内滑动两种类型; 按破坏模式将吕梁地区黄土崩塌类型划分为:倾倒式、垮塌式和剥落式3种类型。调查还发现空间上黄土崩滑灾害主要发育在柳林县、临县、石楼县和中阳县4县,且主要沿公路、铁路等交通线路呈条带状分布; 时间上具有明显的年周期变化规律,汛期(6～10月)高发,特别是主汛期(7～8月)。最后对Q3-Q2-N2组合地层结构层内滑坡发育机理进行了初步探讨,认为吕梁地区人工开挖和降雨耦合作用是诱发吕梁地区黄土滑坡和崩塌的最主要因素。     

黄土边坡植物根系固土护坡效应研究

黄土高原生态环境脆弱,且随着人类工程活动日益频繁,黄土滑坡等地质灾害问题也日益严重。植物护坡是恢复黄土边坡生态和防治黄土边坡地质灾害的有效手段。本文基于延安地区黄土边坡调查,通过植物科属分布及密度,及其在边坡植被群落结构中的生长特征等分析,查明植物生长特征与边坡生境的相关联系,筛选适宜当地环境的护坡树种;通过原位试验,分析植物根系固土护坡效应;最后在总结上述研究成果的基础上,提出了该地区适宜的护坡植物,为陕北地区黄土边坡植物防护设计提供了理论依据。本研究成果能促进植物在西北黄土地区的工程应用,为西北黄土边坡复合型生态防护技术提供指导。