<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-observations and radar orbits

Initial asteriod orbits are determined by a least squares adjustment of an arbitrary number (N) of optical and radar observations. The usual separation, into an orbit determination by three observations and a subsequent differential orbit improvement, is combined into a single algorithm. A priori information is used for very small arcs. Ephemerides very suitable for linking are obtained by strictly linear computations.     

A Linking Test that investigates the feasibility of inverse modelling: application to a simple rainfall interception model for Mt Gambier,southeast South Australia

Interception loss has an important influence on the water yield of forested areas. Nevertheless, in most studies stemflow is not measured, therefore the question of how to determine the feasibility of optimizing interception and stemflow parameters simultaneously by matching daily simulated throughfall to fortnightly measurements of cumulative throughfall is an important one. By applying a daily empirical interception model, a goodness fit of 2·2 mm/day is obtained between observed and simulated cumulative throughfall. However, by applying the simple but robust Linking Test, it was shown that the parameters are non‐unique and falsely linked, i.e. inter‐relationships between different vegetation parameter sets give similar throughfall but non‐unique net precipitation. The Linking Test investigates the causes of obtaining falsely linked parameters and shows that objective equifinality is not the source of the problem. Objective equifinality occurs when an inappropriate objective function is used. The Linking Test also shows that falsely linked parameters are not caused by measuring throughfall on a non‐daily basis (termed frequency sampling equifinality). By expanding the interception model to the second degree, it was found that the non‐uniqueness is due to the inherent nature of interception and stemflow functions that behave similarly and therefore can easily compensate each other (termed similarity equifinality). It is also shown that a simple daily empirical exponential interception model developed for conifers in the uplands of the United Kingdom is suitable to model interception in Pinus radiata plantations in the Mediterranean climate of southern Australia by using only daily gross precipitation data and two parameters. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

面向P2P环境的分布式矢量地理数据组织模式研究

P2P技术有助于解决集中式架构与生俱来的"单点故障"和"热点瓶颈"之类的性能问题。目前,P2P的栅格地理数据服务虽已得到广泛应用,但是,将P2P技术和矢量地理数据服务有效结合仍然面临诸多问题,尤其需要对P2P网络模型和相应的分布式矢量地理数据组织模式深入分析。面向矢量数据服务的Chord+Quad的P2P混合索引网络模型,兼顾了结构化P2P网络和层次化P2P网络的优点,既能发挥Chord网负载均衡的优点,又能发挥层次化P2P网络查询效率高的特性,并能够适应高动态的网络环境。基于Linking机制的分布式矢量地理数据组织模式的设计,通过各层次的Linking信息和分割衍生对象内的拓扑连接信息,形成一种松散的全局分布式拓扑,这种分布式拓扑支持对矢量地理数据,进行分布式索引和无损快速重建,以及各种矢量拓扑分析算法在分布式环境下的扩展。与JTS的实验对比表明,通过在分割时增加少量Linking信息,矢量数据重建时间显著缩短,重建结果无损可靠,在分块数较多时,其对JTS的优势更为明显,从而表明,Linking机制的分布式矢量地理数据组织模式理论及相关算法的有效性、高效性和稳健性,为其实际应用提供了有力支持。     

面向P2P的分布式矢量地理数据组织及算法研究

P2PGIS是对等计算技术与地理信息系统(GIS)结合的产物.面向P2P的栅格地理数据共享已得到广泛应用,但矢量地理数据与P2P的结合仍然面临诸多难题.本文深入研究了面向P2P的分布武矢量数据索引机制,提出了基于Linking机制的矢量地理数据组织模式、分割及无损拓扑重建算法.实验表明本文提出的分布式矢量数据组织方式和...     

遥感图像中线状地物的多级识别方法

本文提出了一种将光谱信息,灰度的结构信息、几何属性、相关位置以及先验知识等综合考虑的多级识别新方法。着重对线段检测中的阈值确定方法、线段的连接和取舍、启发式图搜索线段等进行了探讨。     

Can the EU emission trading scheme support CDM forestry?

Abstract

The European Commission is mandated to consider the inclusion of credits from land-use projects under the clean development mechanism (CDM) and joint implementation (JI), beginning with the second period of the European Union's emission trading scheme (ETS) in its report due in July 2006. Temporary credits from afforestation and reforestation under the CDM are seen by many as posing a technical problem for their use under the ETS. This article summarizes three feasible, efficient and environmentally sound alternatives for achieving the integration of such temporary credits in the European emissions trading market starting in 2008. The first proposal integrates tCERs and lCERs (temporary credits) into the EU ETS by allowing for their direct use for compliance purposes. The second proposal builds on the idea of swapping temporary credits for EU allowances (EUAs) by Member States. The third proposal would not require a political decision at the EU level. Instead supportive Member States or private carbon fund operators would agree to swap temporary credits for the CERs or ERUs they hold in their accounts. All three solutions would be linked to a risk-mitigation strategy based on levying a fee or fixing an exchange rate, which would allow governments to hedge the risk of losing temporary credits.     

A Linking Test to reduce the number of hydraulic parameters necessary to simulate groundwater recharge in unsaturated soils

In environmental studies, numerical simulation models are valuable tools for testing hypothesis about systems functioning and to perform sensitivity studies under scenarios of land use or climate changes. The simulations depend upon parameters which are not always measurable quantities and must be calibrated against observations, using for instance inverse modelling. Due to the scarcity of these observations, it has been found that parameter sets allowing a good matching between simulated and measured quantities are often non-unique, leading to the problem of equifinality. This can lead to non-physical values, erroneous fluxes and misleading sensitivity analysis. Therefore, a simple but robust inverse method coined the Linking Test is presented to determine if the parameters are linked. Linked parameters are then sub-divided into classes according to their impact on water fluxes. The Linking Test establishes the causes of non-uniqueness of parameter sets and the feasibility of the inverse modelling.