栉孔扇贝消化管的组织学观察

运用石蜡切片法和组织化学方法，对栉孔扇贝的消化管进行了研究，结果表明，整个消化管从腔内到腔外，都由黏膜上皮、黏膜肌层、结缔组织和外膜组成。黏膜上皮层由纤毛柱状细胞和杯状细胞组成，基膜很薄，皮下有一层有肌纤维，结缔组织中有丰富的血腔隙，除直肠的外膜为浆膜外，其余皆为纤维膜。纤毛和黏液在食物的运输中起重要作用。胃和晶杆囊上皮能分泌消化酶。胃上上有较弱的碱性磷酸酶和脂酶活性。胃和晶杆囊上皮及纤毛有酸性磷酸酶活性，晶杆囊上皮的核前细胞质中含铁，各部位不含钙。     

大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus）胚胎发育的形态学和组织学研究

采用显微镜和连续切片技术,观察了大菱鲆胚胎发育阶段的形态学和组织学特征。结果表明,大菱鲆胚胎发育主要经历6个时期;在14℃,胚体经108h即可孵化出膜。胚胎在64细胞期出现纬裂,分裂球分化为外层的包被层和内部的深层细胞;多细胞期形成卵黄合胞体层;低囊胚期形成囊胚腔。受精后26h30min胚盾出现。胚盘下包65%时,头突...     

疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera)性畸变现象的解剖学和组织学研究

以解剖学和组织学的方法研究了有机锡污染生物指示种——疣荔枝螺的正常雄、雌和性畸变个体的生殖系统。结果表明，性畸变个体除具有正常的雌性器官外，还有输精管或阴茎。当性畸变程度严重时，性畸变不育个体的卵囊腺组织出现破损，并具有不规则块状的不育卵囊和未排出的正常卵囊。虽然性畸变个体的雄性器官具有表现出雄性功能的潜能，但由于缺少精巢或完整的前列腺，不可能发展成为具有雄性功能的个体，这与性逆转有着本质上的区别。有机锡污染引起的性畸变已对疣荔枝螺种群生存构成了潜在的威胁，深化此类负面生态效应的研究是人类面临的重要课题。     

黑斑口虾蛄(Oratosquilla Kempi Schmitt)配子发生的显微观察

观察黑斑口虾蛄Oratosquillakempi的精巢和卵巢 ,并对精、卵巢进行组织切片显微观察。结果表明 :黑斑口虾蛄的精巢由 1对很细的管状结构组成 ,精子发育可分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子等期 ,精子圆球形 ,无鞭毛。卵巢分左、右两叶 ,对称且相互粘连。卵细胞为多黄卵 ,卵母细胞发育分为未发育期、卵黄形成前期、卵黄形成期和成熟期 4期 ;在卵黄形成前期形成大的生发泡。卵巢发育分为未发育期、发育早期、发育期、成熟前期、成熟期和产卵后期 6期。     

哲罗鱼(Hucho tamen)消化系统胚后发育的形态与组织学的研究

利用形态学和连续组织切片技术,对哲罗鱼仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼的消化系统进行了光镜观察,描述了其消化器官发育过程中形态学和组织学结构特征。结果表明,实验水温为7—12℃时,初始孵化仔鱼消化道细而直,两端封闭,位于卵黄囊背,随着仔鱼发育消化系统结构逐渐完善。破膜后16d消化系统完全贯通,破膜34d食道发育与成鱼基本相同,明显分为粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层及浆膜层,出现3—4个粘膜褶皱;破膜2d在消化管道前端,胃开始分化,管壁较厚,可见明显的两层,胃原基细胞形成胃腔,破膜24d胃组织结构发育得较完整,由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌肉层和浆膜层构成,出现胃腺;破膜后46d肠的组织结构与成鱼相同,粘膜层大量分布Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型粘液细胞;初孵仔鱼在肠背侧出现,与肝脏相互分开的一个独立的器官为胰腺组织。哲罗鱼破膜后26d消化系统明显分化成食道、胃、前肠、直肠以及肝脏和胰脏,破膜后36d出现幽门盲囊原基。本实验得出哲罗鱼仔鱼最佳初次投喂时间应在破膜后24—26d,即上浮后3—5d,由于破膜后46d幽门盲囊组织结构发育基本完善,可适当增加投喂量。     

长蛸唾液腺和消化腺的组织学与组织化学研究

以组织学和组织化学方法，研究了长蛸的唾液腺和消化腺。前唾液腺腺细胞含团状蛋白性质的分泌颗粒。后唾液腺有两种腺管，I型腺管由I型腺细胞和黏液细胞组成。I型腺细胞团状分泌颗粒及丰富的RNA，且脂酶活性；黏液细胞分泌酸性黏多糖。Ⅱ型腺管的腺细胞内含一桃形丝状物。肝细胞含大量的分泌颗粒，呈现强的蛋白酶及弱的非特异性酯酶和脂酶活性。胰脏腺细胞呈非特异性酯酶和弱的蛋白酶和脂酶活性。     

Histological and morphological alterations induced by copper exposure in Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta, Nereididae) was collected in an unpolluted (UP) and an polluted (P) site at the Patos Lagoon estuary (Southern Brazil) and maintained under control conditions (UPC and PC, respectively) or exposed to waterborne copper (UPCu and PCu; 500 μg Cu/l), for 48 h. Four groups (aaUPC, aaPC, aaUPCu, and aaPCu) were also pre-exposed for 48 h to ascorbic acid (aa; 0.1 mM) before copper exposure. Histological and morphological alterations, as well as oxygen consumption changes were evaluated. Independently of the sampling site and the pre-exposure to the ascorbic acid, morphological abnormalities were evident in more than 80% of worms exposed to copper. Conspicuous histological changes (coeloma obliteration, cuticle separation from the epidermis, and absence of dorsal vessel) were also observed. In addition, PCu worms showed loss of the digestive epithelium and coiling behavior. Similar oxygen consumption values were observed in control and copper exposed worms.     

条石鲷( Oplegnathus fasciatus) 心脏早期发育的组织学观察

应用石蜡切片技术和显微测量法,对条石鲷心脏的早期发生、分化和形成过程进行了连续观察。结果表明,在水温(24±1.0)℃的条件下,心脏原基在受精后13h30min出现于中部脑的腹面,其外部由卵黄多核层包围,内部则为扁平细胞所填充;受精后20h30min,心脏开始搏动,可见血细胞;初孵仔鱼心脏呈直管状,位于体腔前端;2日龄(daysafterhatching,DAH),心脏分化成静脉窦、心耳(心房)、心室和动脉球四个部分;3日龄,耳室瓣和半月瓣形成;6日龄,窦耳瓣和心小室形成;12日龄,心脏内血细胞的数量急剧增加,血流量显著加大;27日龄,心耳内形成小梁结构,心脏发育完善。     

可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)卵子发生的组织学研究

采用组织学方法研究了可口革囊星虫卵巢结构及卵子发生过程的形态学变化,以探究可口革囊星虫卵子发生过程及特征。结果表明,可口革囊星虫的卵巢位于收吻肌基部,由小叶组成的带状或块状组织。卵原细胞在卵巢中发育至早期卵母细胞时期单个或成团脱离卵巢入体腔液中,卵母细胞团细胞很快分离为单个细胞;卵母细胞在体腔液中发育成熟后进入肾管;生发泡破裂是卵母细胞成熟的标志;体腔中卵母细胞无滤泡膜,卵黄膜的形成与发育靠卵母细胞本身;卵径小于60μm的卵母细胞呈圆形,卵径大于60μm的卵母细胞为卵圆形,形态上成熟的卵母细胞短径约115-120μm、长径约140—145μm、卵黄膜厚7—9μm。以卵原细胞与卵母细胞发育的形态学特征为依据,将可口革囊星虫的卵子发生过程划分为：卵原细胞增殖期（卵径〈10μm）、卵母细胞小生长期（卵径10—20μm）、卵母细胞大生长期Ⅰ（卵径20—60μm）、卵母细胞大生长期Ⅱ[大小为（60pm×70μm）-（120μm×145μm）]、卵母细胞成熟期及退化期6个阶段,反映了可口革囊星虫卵子发生过程的动态变化。     

Environmental change and seasonal behavior of mastodons in the Great Lakes region inferred from stable isotope analysis

We investigate seasonal variations in the diet and drinking water of four Great Lakes mastodon (Mammut americanum) specimens using stable isotope analysis of serially sampled inner-enamel bioapatite structural carbonate (δ¹³C_sc, δ¹⁸O_sc), and previously published bulk analyses. Isotopic analyses and thin section measurements showed that mastodon tooth enamel extension rates (~ 12–4 mm/yr, decreasing toward the cervix) were lower than those of mammoths or modern elephants. Mastodons had distinct and highly regular seasonal variations in δ¹³C_sc and δ¹⁸O_sc, which we interpret in the context of local glacial history and vegetation changes. Seasonal variations in δ¹⁸O were large but variations in δ¹³C were small, and may have been obscured if coarser sampling methods than our inner-enamel sampling approach were used. Thus, our approach may be particularly useful for understanding relatively small seasonal changes in δ¹³C within C₃ environments. The seasonal patterns, though not entirely conclusive, suggest that the Ontario mastodons did not migrate over very long distances. Rather, the climate and seasonal dietary patterns of mastodons within the region changed over time, from ~ 12,400 to 10,400 ¹⁴C yr BP (~ 15,000 – 12,000 cal yr BP). Insights gained using these methods can contribute to a better understanding of megafaunal extinctions and Paleoamerican lifeways.