Galvanic interactions between galena–sphalerite and their reactivity

The galvanic effect between the main associated mineralogical phases in a mineral sphalerite concentrate was evaluated using an alternative methodology. Comparative voltammetric studies were performed between high purity galena mineral (94.65%) and sphalerite concentrate (content of 78.11% sphalerite, ZnS; 13.64% galena, PbS; 0.57% chalcopyrite, CuFeS₂; 0.41% cadmium sulfide, CdS; and 0.11% arsenopyrite, FeAsS) using carbon paste electrodes (CPE) in order to identify galvanic interactions that affect their reactivity. The electrolyte was an aqueous solution of 0.1 M NaNO₃ (pH 6.5). The results showed that, in sphalerite concentrate, the electrochemical reactivity of the galena was diminished and displaced to more positive potentials with respect to the high purity galena mineral response. This behavior can be attributed to the galvanic protection offered by the sphalerite on the galena, thereby avoiding its free oxidation. On the other hand, sphalerite oxidation was diminished by the formation of a passive products film that is dissolved to more positive potentials which provokes oxidation of other minerals like CuFeS₂, (Zn,Cd)S and FeAsS present in a minor proportion in the sphalerite concentrate.     

低温平衡ZnS-PbS-FeS-H_2S四组分体系的热力学分析

本文介绍了热力学相图在浅成低温热液硫化物矿床中的应用,并以三江地区金顶铅锌矿床中的矿物含量为例进行定量分析。一方面在相同温度下,浓度与矿物(组合)之间存在对应关系,并且一些矿物(组合)对应特定的酸碱条件,例如在400K和105Pa条件下,黄铁矿与方铅矿的组合在碱性环境下稳定,而方铅矿与闪锌矿的组合在酸性环境中稳定,且酸性条件下当lg[Pb2+]≥-11.29时,才开始出现方铅矿;另一方面对比了298.15K和400K条件下矿物共生组合的及介质pH值的变化情况,并得到400K条件下形成矿物或矿物组合所需离子的浓度更高。     

烟台金斗山金矿方铅矿的成因矿物学研究

金斗山金矿位于山东省烟台市,是一个新近发现的金矿,该金矿以矿石矿物中大量出现方铅矿而区别于胶东地区其他金矿床。对方铅矿的化学成分、热电性和微量元素组成的研究表明,方铅矿是除黄铁矿外的另一种重要的富金、银矿物。方铅矿的热电导型单一,均为N(电子)型,并且具有较大的热电系数绝对值。形成方铅矿的成矿物质主要来源于围岩,即荆山群黑云母片岩和石榴石黑云母片岩等。     

Observation of the oxidation of galena using Raman spectroscopy

Oxidation of galena (PbS) to oxysulfates, (PbO·PbSO₄, 3PbO·PbSO₄ and 4PbO·PbSO₄)_, has been observed using Raman spectroscopy. Peaks associated with the oxidation products have been assigned. The reaction appears to be a high temperature oxidation induced by the high laser (25 mW at 514.5 nm) power density at freshly cleaved galena surfaces. Damage to the galena surface was observed visually under the microscope. Moderate laser powers (5 mW at 514.5 nm) did not result in any damage. No Raman bands were observed or expected for freshly cleaved galena because it has the rock salt structure. Laser-induced production of these oxysulfates is dramatically different from high temperature methods previously employed. This procedure will permit easy identification of galena in complex mineral ore samples. Spontaneous air oxidation of freshly cleaved galena to oxides or polysulfides was not detected.     

Emarat carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb deposit, Markazi Province, Iran: A geological, mineralogical and isotopic (S, Pb) study

The Emarat deposit, with a total proved reserve of 10 Mt ore grading 6% Zn and 2.26% Pb, is one of the largest Zn–Pb deposits in the Malayer–Esfahan belt. The mineralization is stratabound and restricted to Early Cretaceous limestones and dolomites. The ore consists mainly of sphalerite and galena with small amounts of pyrite, chalcopyrite, calcite, quartz, and dolomite. Textural evidence shows that the ore has replaced the host rocks and thus is epigenetic.Sulfur isotopes indicate that the sulfur in sphalerite and galena has been derived from Cretaceous seawater through thermochemical sulfate reduction. Sulfur isotope compositions of four apparently coprecipitated sphalerite–galena pairs suggest their precipitation was under equilibrium conditions. The sulfur isotopic fractionation observed for the sphalerite–galena pairs corresponds to formation temperatures between 77 °C and 168 °C, which agree with homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions.Lead-isotope studies indicate that the lead in galena has been derived from heterogeneous sources including orogenic and crustal reservoirs with high ²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb and ²³²Th/²⁰⁴Pb ratios. Ages derived from the Pb-isotope model give meaningless ages, ranging from Early Carboniferous to future. It is probable that the Pb-isotope model ages that point to an earlier origin than the Early Cretaceous host rocks are derived from older reservoirs in the underlying Carboniferous or Jurassic units, either from the host rocks or from earlier-formed ore deposits within these units.This research and other available data show that the Emarat Zn–Pb deposit has many important features of Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) lead–zinc deposits and thus we argue that it is an MVT-type ore deposit.     

闪锌矿与方铅矿的LA-ICPMS微量元素地球化学对江西冷水坑银铅锌矿田的成因制约

冷水坑银铅锌矿田位于江西省贵溪市,是我国重要的银铅锌矿集区。矿田中产有两类特征迥异的矿体,一类为赋存于花岗斑岩体内的细脉浸染状-大脉状矿体,另一类为产于火山碎屑岩夹层中的块状硫化物矿体。然而,目前关于两类矿体的成因及联系还存在争议。本文采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对两类矿体中的闪锌矿和方铅矿进行了微区原位成分的测试,试图根据它们的微量元素特征约束矿床的成因问题。分析结果表明,产于细脉浸染状-大脉状矿体中的闪锌矿具有相对较高的Fe、Mn、Pb、Ag、Cu、Sb、Sn和Tl含量,而产于层控块状硫化物矿体中的闪锌矿具有相对略高的Cd含量。两类矿体中方铅矿的微量元素也存在一定差别,前者具有相对较高的Ag、Sb、Sn和Au含量,而后者具有相对较高的Cd、Bi、Se和Tl。通过与国内外不同成因类型铅锌矿床的综合对比,我们发现冷水坑矿田的闪锌矿具有较低的Zn/Cd比(66~131)、Cd/Fe比(0.06~0.31)和Co含量(多数10×10~(-6)),以及相对较高的Sn含量(多数1×10~(-6)),这些特征与火山成因块状硫化物矿床中闪锌矿的特征十分类似,表明它们可能具有类似成因。此外,我们的研究结果表明冷水坑矿田闪锌矿中Fe、Cd、Ag、Sb和Tl等元素主要以类质同象的形式存在,而Cu、Pb和Sn等元素主要以显微包裹体的形式存在。方铅矿中的Ag、Sb、Cd、Sn和Tl等元素以类质同象的形式存在,而Mn、Bi和Se等元素可能以显微包裹体的形式存在。此外,基于闪锌矿-方铅矿共生矿物对的Cd分配系数温度计,获得层控块状硫化物矿体的形成温度为238~246℃,而细脉浸染状-大脉状矿体的形成温度略低,为209~224℃,前者闪锌矿中相对较低的Fe和Mn含量,可能由氧逸度的影响造成。综上所述,我们认为冷水坑矿田两类矿体具有相同的成因机制,成矿流体和成矿物质都主要来自深部岩浆热液,温度、围岩性质及氧逸度是控制两类矿床金属硫化物微量元素差别的重要因素。