Estimating fractional cover of crop,crop residue,and soil in cropland using broadband remote sensing data and machine learning

The fractional vegetation cover (FVC), crop residue cover (CRC), and bare soil (BS) are three important parameters in vegetation–soil ecosystems, and their correct and timely estimation can improve crop monitoring and environmental monitoring. The triangular space method uses one CRC index and one vegetation index to create a triangular space in which the three vertices represent pure vegetation, crop residue, and bare soil. Subsequently, the CRC, FVC, and BS of mixed remote sensing pixels can be distinguished by their spatial locations in the triangular space. However, soil moisture and crop-residue moisture (SM-CRM) significantly reduce the performance of broadband remote sensing CRC indices and can thus decrease the accuracy of the remote estimation and mapping of CRC, FVC, and BS. This study evaluated the use of broadband remote sensing, the triangular space method, and the random forest (RF) technique to estimate and map the FVC, CRC, and BS of cropland in which SM-CRM changes dramatically. A spectral dataset was obtained using: (1) from a field-based experiment with a field spectrometer; and (2) from a laboratory-based simulation that included four distinct soil types, three types of crop residue (winter-wheat, maize, and rice), one crop (winter wheat), and varying SM-CRM. We trained an RF model [designated the broadband crop-residue index from random forest (CRRF)] that can magnify spectral features of crop residue and soil by using the broadband remote sensing angle indices as input, and uses a moisture-resistant hyperspectral index as the target. The effects of moisture on crop residue and soil were minimized by using the broadband CRRF. Then, the CRRF-NDVI triangular space method was used to estimate and map CRC, FVC, and BS. Our method was validated by using both laboratory- and field-based experiments and Sentinel-2 broadband remote-sensing images. Our results indicate that the CRRF-NDVI triangular space method can reduce the effect of moisture on the broadband remote-sensing of CRC, and may also help to obtain laboratory and field CRC, FVC, and BS. Thus, the proposed method has great potential for application to croplands in which the SM-CRM content changes dramatically.     

Q系统法在甘肃北山岩体质量评价中的应用研究——以BS03号孔为例

利用岩体质量评价Q系统的特点,对Q系统各参数进行赋值,根据Q值对BS03号孔附近岩体进行质量分级,给出定性结论。与利用RQD值所得岩体质量评价结果对比,一致性良好。     

乍得BS油藏沉积微相特征及对油气分布的控制作用

结合区域沉积背景,应用BS1-1取心井资料进行泥岩颜色、岩石组合、沉积结构、构造、粒度分布、沉积韵律等相标志分析,对BS油藏沉积微相特征进行了深入研究,分析了沉积微相对油气分布的控制作用。BS油藏PI油层组为扇三角洲前缘远端沉积,水下分流河道分布范围有限,仅在断层附近发育,河道前端受湖浪作用改造明显,前缘席状砂发育,偶见远砂坝,河道间微相不发育。沉积微相类型控制了储层类型及其展布方式和储集性能,沉积微相展布对油气分布具有明显的控制作用,水下分流河道生储盖组合良好,为油气有利富集相带。     

俄罗斯贝加尔湖-日本仙台断面地震波速结构及其地质意义

本文以中俄、俄日学者合作所得到的地球物理资料为主,结合其它相关地质-地球物理数据,组构了俄罗斯贝加尔湖-日本仙台(BS)4000 km长断面,用于区域性大尺度地研究东北亚洲地壳结构和一系列地质构造问题.研究BS断面地震波速结果表明:(1)西伯利亚板块和黑龙江板块地壳结构变化较大,并可分为上、中、下部地壳,欧亚板块东部陆缘带地壳结构较简单,基本两分.贝加尔裂谷带下部地壳厚度比松辽盆地的薄约7 km,而上部地壳则相反,前者的比后者的厚约9 km.两个裂谷带在Moho界面之下的波速分布差异也较大.(2)结合前人认识,综合分析认为,贝加尔裂谷带属主动式裂谷,松辽盆地属于混合型裂谷.贝加尔裂谷形成动力主要来自地球构造圈B″层物质上涌所形成的地幔热柱的垂向作用,由BLV带佐证,松辽盆地形成动力主要来自太平洋板块斜向俯冲的中远程效应.(3)日本国所位于的西太平洋岛弧带是多地震带,除了太平洋板块俯冲产生的浅部效应、地壳中断裂与流体的直接作用等因素,本文指出仙台等速块的物性条件是岛弧带的主要不稳定因素.同时指出需要关注日本东海岸深约30~40 km的大级次地震的发生.     

Revision of the photometric parameters of BS Cassiopeiae

Seven charge-coupled device(CCD)photometric times of light minimum of the overcontact binary BS Cas which were obtained from 2007 August to November and one CCD light curve in the R band which was observed on 2007 September 24 and October 15,are presented.It is found that the light curve of BS Cas has characteristics like a typical EW-type light variation.The light curve obtained by us is symmetric and shows total eclipses,which is very useful for determining photometric parameters with high precision.Photometric solutions were derived by using the 2003 version of the Wilson-Devinney code.It shows that BS Cas is a W-subtype overcontact binary(f = 27.5% ± 0.4%)with a mass ratio of q = 2.7188 ± 0.0040.The temperature difference between the two components is 190 K.Analysis of the O-C curve suggests that the period of AE Phe shows a long-term continuous decrease at a rate of dP/dt=-2.45 × 10-7 dyr-1.The long-time period decrease can be explained by mass transfer from the primary to the secondary.     

The double‐mode RR Lyrae variable BS Com

We present the frequency analysis of the multicolour time series photometry of the field RRd variable BS Comae. The large number of data points in each of the BV (RI)_C bands and the ∼0.01 magnitude accuracy of the individual measurements allow us a high precision analysis of the properties of the combination frequencies due to nonlinear coupling. Through the combination of the frequency spectra in different colors we show that except for the components corresponding to the linear combinations of the two pulsation modes, there are no other components present above the millimagnitude amplitude level. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Use of magnetic measures to assess soil redistribution following deforestation in hilly region

Limited information is available about the use of magnetic susceptibility property to determine soil redistribution in hilly areas of the semi-arid regions. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of magnetic properties to determine soil redistribution along a hill slope following deforestation. The study area is located in the Quaternary hilly region of Lordegan district in west Iran. Ten transects were established in two land uses that included natural Querqus forested and cultivated lands. Soil samples were collected at different positions along the slope and magnetic properties (χlf, χhf, SIRM, ARM, and χfd) and selected physico-chemical properties were determined. The results (based on the χfd, SIRM/ARM) showed that the magnetic susceptibly in the calcareous materials is pre-dominantly derived during the pedogenic processes and the superparamagnetic particles which were transported to lower positions of hill slope following deforestation. The results confirmed that this methodology could be applied for monitoring soil redistribution along the slope in calcareous hilly areas in the semi-arid regions.     

Delta Scuti stars in the Praesepe cluster observed by the MOST satellite

The Praesepe cluster contains a number of δ Sct and γ Dor pulsators. Asteroseismology of cluster stars is simplified by the common distance, age and stellar abundances. Since asteroseismology requires a large number of known frequencies, the small pulsation amplitudes of these stars require space satellite campaigns. The present study utilizes photometric MOST satellite measurements in order to determine the pulsation frequencies of two evolved (EP Cnc, BT Cnc) and two main‐sequence (BS Cnc, HD 73872) δ Sct stars in the Praesepe cluster. The frequency analysis of the 2008 and 2009 data detected up to 34 frequencies per star with most amplitudes in the submillimag range. In BS Cnc, two modes showed strong amplitude variability between 2008 and 2009. The frequencies ranged from 0.76 to 41.7 cd^–1. After considering the different evolutionary states and mean stellar densities of these four stars, the differences and large ranges in frequency remain (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

英标和国标标贯设备试验结果相关性分析

为了在国内岩土设计中很好利用英国标准（BS）标贯设备的试验结果,对英国标准和中国标准（GB）标贯设备及试验结果进行分析,研究相关性。BS和GB标贯设备主要的区别是前者的锤垫质量大于后者,造成试验时两者锤击能量有差别,因此,获得的标贯击数不同。通过采用标贯能量分析仪,测量配置不同直径钻杆的BS和GB设备试验时的实际锤击能量,计算两者不同的实际锤击能量与理论锤击能量的能量比,利用能量比的差别分析BS与GB标贯击数的相关性,建立相关公式。分析显示,试验时BS标贯设备比GB标贯设备的锤击传递能量要小,标贯击数要大;钻杆直径为50 mm比直径为42 mm传递的锤击能量略高,标贯击数略低。通过研究,最终建立了BS与GB标贯设备试验结果的相关关系,英标标贯设备获得的数据从而能更好运用于中国标准中,并提供符合中国利用标贯评价的岩土设计参数。     

坡缕石对直接耐酸大红4BS的吸附动力学特征

研究了坡缕石对水中直接耐酸大红4BS的吸附动力学,在初始质量浓度为30~50 mg/L,转速为100~200 r/min,以及温度为303~348 K的范围内,坡缕石对直接耐酸大红4BS的吸附动力学数据均符合准二级速率方程。结果表明,坡缕石对直接耐酸大红4BS的吸附是外表面吸附,吸附表观活化能为11.92 kJ/mol,说明此吸附是由液膜扩散控制的物理吸附过程。