降低水蚯蚓生产成本的若干措施

本文介绍我校高畦深沟种植蔬菜水稻沟中培育水蚯蚓的方法，利用该方法培育水蚯蚓不占用耕地，能节省场地租金。文中还介绍了节省饲料、劳动的若干方法。     

樱桃树下的沉思……

辽宁有个小山村,叫黄柏峪,最初那里的人们是从酿酒开始,用粮食酿酒、酒槽喂牛、牛粪养蚯蚓,蚯蚓喂鱼,鱼的排泄物返田;后来又发展到用秸秆造气(燃料),残余物又可肥田;搜集雨水养鱼和灌溉,用草砖盖房造屋,在楼顶种草栽花、种庄稼……总之,他们的点子很多,但遵循一个理儿:物用其尽     

雨天蚯蚓为什么喜欢在地面活动

2012年4月26日 小雨 今天外面飘着小雨,我在校园里走过时,发现花坛边上有很多蚯蚓爬了出来。以前我就发现过,每到下雨的时候,这种勤劳的动物便会从土壤中爬出来。     

农村垃圾蚯蚓堆肥中优势菌群研究

对含牛粪、玉米秸秆、废菜叶和废纸的农村垃圾进行堆肥实验,实验分为预堆腐和蚯蚓处理2个阶段。预堆腐以EM(Effective Microorganisms)原液和有机物料腐熟剂(FU)为促腐剂,预堆腐结束后,堆料继续进行蚯蚓处理。利用聚合酶链反应与变性梯度凝胶电泳联用技术(PCR-DGGE)分析了对照组(CK)及适合蚯蚓生长繁殖的4‰FU和5‰EM组蚯蚓处理前后细菌和真菌群落中的优势菌群。结果表明:在4‰FU组、5‰EM组和CK组的细菌群落中均存在且占有优势的种群与藤黄单胞菌属和梭状芽孢杆菌属具有较高的亲缘性;在5‰EM组出现的占优势的真菌种群与轮枝孢属具有较高的亲缘性,在CK组中出现的占优势的真菌种群与镰孢菌属和曲霉属具有较高的亲缘性。     

Transformation of Carbon and Nitrogen by Earthworms in the Decomposition Processes of Broad-leaved Litters

Earthworms are the important constituents in the decayed food web and the main ecological conditioners in the process of decomposition and nutrient mineralization. The transformation of organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) in the broad-leaved litters ingested by earthworms was researched by means of a laboratory experiment. Experimental samples were collected from broad-leaved Korea Pine mixed forest in Liangshui National Natural Reserve (47°10′50″N, 128°53′20″E) in the northeastern Xiao Hinggan Mountains of Northeast China. The contents of organic C and total N in earthworms, leaf litters and earthworm faeces were analyzed. Results show that the organic C content was in the fol- lowing order: leaf litters>faeces>earthworms, while total N content was contrary to that of the organic C. The organic C contents in the different leaf litters were in the following order: Tilia amurensis>Betula costata>Acer mono, whereas the total N contents in the different leaf litters were: Betula costata>Tilia amurensis>Acer mono. The contents of organic C and total N in the faeces from the different leaf litters were almost consistent with the contents of the leaf litters. After the leaf litters were ingested by earthworms, the organic C, which was transformed to increase earthworms' weights, ac- counted for 3.90%-13.31% of the total ingestion by earthworms, while that in the earthworm faeces accounted for 6.14%-13.70%. The transformed organic C through the other metabolism (e.g., respiration) of earthworms accounted for 75.04%-89.92%. The ingested organic C by earthworms was mostly used for metabolic activities. The N ingested by earthworms was less than organic C. It is estimated that 37.08% of total N was transformed to increase the earthworm's weight, 19.97% into earthworm faeces and 47.86% for the consumption of the earthworm's activities. The earthworms not only increased the content of organic C and total N in the soil, but also decreased the values of C/N in the soil and leaf litters. Earthworms play a major role in the leaf litters' decomposition and transformation.     

方解石和钾长石在模拟蚯蚓肠液中的初始溶解动力学机理及意义

蚯蚓肠道内小分子有机酸与摄入的土壤矿物相互作用,加速矿物溶解。摄入的土壤在蚯蚓肠道内平均停留时间约为12 h,不足以使土壤矿物产生显著的溶解特征,因此这一过程难以在蚯蚓体内进行评估。本研究通过体外实验控制pH值和有机酸浓度,模拟蚯蚓肠道中有机酸对土壤中常见矿物的溶解反应,探讨了方解石和钾长石在蚯蚓肠道环境中的初始溶解动力学。研究发现,矿物在混合有机酸中的溶解速率比在纯水中高一个数量级,说明有机配体和质子促进了矿物溶解。溶解速率及粒度分析表明,方解石(CaCO₃)溶解速率不受溶解过程中粒度变化的影响,而钾长石(KAlSi₃O₈)粒度在溶解期间未出现显著变化。在此基础上,采用初始速率法模拟了钾长石的初始溶解动力学,计算得出的溶解速率表明钾长石在溶解初期主要为表面K~+的释放。使用缩核模型(shrink core model)和Hixson-Crowell模型对方解石溶解过程进行动力学解析,发现方解石的溶解主要受溶液中反应物内扩散的速率影响。这定量描述了两种矿物在有机酸溶液和纯水中的溶解差异。现有研究表明,有机配体和质子协同促...     

两种水蚯蚓耗氧率的测定

众所周知,耗氧率是反映动物新陈代谢中异化作用的主要指标。根据能量平衡原理,生产力(P)等于同化量(A)与呼吸消耗量(R)之差,即:P=A-R。为了估算水蚯蚓这一底栖动物重要类群的生产力,揭示其在生态系统能流、物流中的作用,测定耗氧率是必要的。此外,据报导,这类蠕虫还能增加底泥的耗氧,降低表层底泥的pH,因此耗氧率的测定还有助于定量评价水蚯蚓对泥—水界面附近溶氧动态的影响。对水蚯蚓的呼吸作过一些研究者,其方法各异,测定结果差别较大,所涉及到的温度范围也较小,未能全面反映出耗氧率与温度的关系。本文就八种不同温度下苏氏尾鳃蚓和水丝蚓的耗氧率作了比较,并求得了相应的数学关系式。     

蚯蚓影响下铅在砖红壤中的形态变化研究

采用中国热带农业科学院植物与环境保护研究所提供的赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)和海南省典型的砖红壤为研究材料,通过蚯蚓的培养试验,研究不同处理时间(30 d、60 d),蚯蚓对土壤中不同形态P2含量的影响.结果表明:在短时间内(30 d)蚯蚓对土壤中不同形态P2含量作用不明显;但长时间(60 d)作用里,蚯蚓活动能降低残渣态P2含量,显著提高了土壤交换态、无定形氧化铁结合态P2含量,而蚯蚓活动对碳酸盐结合态、晶形氧化铁结合态、有机态、无定形氧化锰结合态P2含量影响不显著.     

黄河三角洲平原型水库大型底栖动物对磷的积累效应

2003年春、夏、秋季对黄河三角洲7座平原型水库进行了4次调查,发现:1)由摇蚊科幼虫和水蚯蚓构成的大型底栖动物,体内磷含量随底泥沉积磷的增加而增加(P<0．000),底柄动物对沉积磷的积累系数亦随沉积磷含量的增加而增加(p<0．000);2)4、5月份摇蚊幼虫在底栖动物体所占不同比例(20％-100％),没有显示与底柄动物体内磷含量任何关系;3)底栖动物含磷量与水层总磷无显著相关关系;4)底柄动物生物量与沉积总磷仅4月份有相关(p<0．10),其中摇蚊幼虫生物量与沉积磷量相关显著(P<0．05),总体上,水库底柄动物最高生物量随沉积磷增加而增加;5)底栖动物生物量与水层总磷无相关关系,但去掉底层鱼产量高的水库后,8月份二者有显著相关关系(p<0．03),且总体底栖动物最高生物量也随水层总磷增加而增加．认为:1)由摇蚊科幼虫和水蚯蚓构成的大型底柄动物对磷的积累以及摇蚊幼虫的生物量均与水体磷负荷有密切关系;2)摇蚊幼虫和水蚯蚓含磷量(干重)差异不明显;3)以摇蚊幼虫为主的底栖动物对磷的积累主要来自沉积磷的影响,受季节的影响相对较弱;4)底栖动物生物量主要受水层总磷的控制,也受鱼类摄食以及摇蚊幼虫个体羽化时间不一致的影响．     

Effect of copper on biochemical responses of the earthworm Eiseniafetida

Contamination sites pose significant environmental hazards to terrestrial ecosystems. Evaluation of the effects of contaminants in soils has become a priority for OECD countries. The biomarker approach is widely used both in vertebrates and in invertebrates for environmental biomonitoring. Eisenia fetida would provide diagnostic and prognostic early warning tests for monitoring soil contamination. These responses, often called early warning signals, would, in fact, give very important information when assessing the environmental risks of contamination. However, the use of biomarkers requires the identification of every possible variation that can influence the biochemical response, because ecosystems are generally subject to a mixture of pollutants,