Annual variation of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide in the marine atmosphere in the Southern Indian Ocean

Measurements of the concentrations of carbonyl sulfide (COS) in the marine atmosphere were made over a period of two years in the southern Indian Ocean (Amsterdam Island, 37°50 S–77°31 E; March 1987–February 1988 and April 1989–February 1990). The mean atmospheric COS concentration for the whole period was 475±48 pptv (n=544). Atmospheric COS concentrations show no significant seasonal variation with a summer to winter ratio of 1.05. Taking into account the observed variability of the atmospheric COS concentration (10%), a value of 1.4 yr is estimated as a lower limit for the atmospheric COS lifetime. A comparison of the COS data at Amsterdam Island with those obtained in the Southern Hemisphere in the past 12 yr does not reveal any significant trend in the tropospheric background COS mixing ratio.     

基于MAPGIS明码文件的绘图转换系统开发及应用

介绍了基于MAPGIS明码文件开发出的MAPGIS明码格式转换系统软件的结构及功能,并说明该软件在地球物理、地球化学领域中的应用。     

DYYZ-Ⅱ型自动气象站测温故障排除方法与思路

文章通过DYYZ-Ⅱ型自动气象站出现的一次气温、地温数据缺测故障,分析了DYYZ-Ⅱ型自动气象站出现测温故障时的故障排除过程与排除思路,为保障技术人员在处理此类故障时提供了方法和依据。     

九龙江口浮游植物群体对盐度胁迫的快速适应

Mixing of freshwater and seawater creates the well-known salinity gradients along the estuaries. In order to investigate how phytoplankton respond to the acute salinity changes, we exposed natural phytoplankton assemblies from the Jiulong River Estuary to differential saline field water while continuously monitoring their photosynthetic performances under both indoor-and outdoor-growth conditions. When the natural cell assemblies from salinity 30 field water were exposed to series low saline field water(salinity 25, 17, 13 and 7.5), the effective Photosystem II quantum yield(ΔF/F_m′) decreased sharply, e.g., to one-fifth of its initials after 5 min exposure to salinity 7.5 field water, and then increased fast during the following 40 min and almost completely recovered after 320 min. During such an exposure process, non-photochemical quenching(NPQ) sharply increased from 0 to 0.85 within 5 min, and then decreased to nearly 0 within the following 70 min. When these cells re-acclimated to salinity 7.5 field water were exposed to series high saline field water(salinity 13, 17, 25 and 30), a similar response pattern was observed, with the decreased ΔF/F_m′ accompanied with increased NPQ, and followed by the recovery-induced increase in ΔF/F_m′ and decrease in NPQ. A similar response pattern as ΔF/F_m′to the acute osmotic stress was also observed in the photosynthetic carbon fixation capacity according to radiocarbon(~(14)C) incorporation. Our results indicate that estuarine phytoplankton assemblies could rapidly recover from the acute osmotic stress, implying a potential cause for their frequent blooms in coastal-estuarine waters where despite drastically varying salinity, available nutrients are abundant due to the land-derived runoffs or mixing-caused relaxations from sediments.     

台湾海峡及周边海域水色光谱特性分析

利用2006—2007年4次908计划ST06区块海洋光学调查的数据和MODIS水色遥感数据,对台湾海峡及周边海域的水色光谱特性进行了研究和分析。结果显示该海域的水色光谱主要有4个类型:类型1光谱峰值出现在580 nm附近,谱峰两侧遥感反射率随波长变化迅速减小,主要分布在紧靠中国大陆的海域;类型2光谱峰值出现在540～560 nm之间,具有谱峰宽的特点,主要分布在台湾海峡靠近大陆的一侧;类型3光谱与大洋水体光谱类似,主要分布在台湾西南的南海区域和吕宋海峡区域;类型4光谱在.450 nm附近出现极小值,在500～600 nm之间出现峰值,主要出现在台湾海峡中部和靠近台湾岛的一侧。其中类型2和4水体分布具有明显的季节特征。类型3、4、2、1对应的叶绿素a浓度和悬浮泥沙浓度呈上升趋势,对应的透明度依次降低,该海域以二类水体为主。     

A Three-Dimensional Global Model Study of Carbonyl Sulfide in the Troposphere and the Lower Stratosphere

Global distributions of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide have been calculated with a three-dimensional global model of the atmospheric general circulation (ECHAM). The model calculates a global sink strength for carbonyl sulfide of 0.3 Tg S yr^-1, with vegetation uptake being the largest sink. With this sink strength, the sources have to be close to the lower limit of the present estimate in the literature. The calculated mixing ratios are higher in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere. This interhemispheric gradient is the opposite of what is observed demonstrating that the present knowledge of the distribution of sinks and sources is not fully adequate. The model calculations support the idea that the open oceans could act as a net sink of carbonyl sulfide. The calculated stratospheric photolysis of carbonyl sulfide constitutes about 4% of the total sink of carbonyl sulfide. A stratospheric production of sulfate from carbonyl sulfide of 0.013 Tg S yr^-1 is obtained, which is 3 to 12 times less than what is needed to maintain the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer. Although these results are associated with uncertainties, due to the low upper boundary and coarse vertical resolution of the model, they support recent findings of a low stratospheric production of sulfate from carbonyl sulfide. Instead, sulfur dioxide transported from the troposphere is calculated to be the most important precursor for the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer.     

CHZ-Ⅱ海洋重力仪重力敏感结构的性能测试与分析

在原有CHZ重力仪研制基础上,设计新一代海洋重力仪CHZ-Ⅱ并进行硬件搭建与测试。阐述了为CHZ-Ⅱ重力敏感结构设计的测试方案、实验过程及其结果分析,主要包括弹性系统的刚度、交叉耦合效应和漂移效应。实验表明,该结构在目前的测试内容下符合设计要求。     

优化的NSGA-Ⅱ方法在马莲河流域水资源综合管理中的应用研究

根据马莲河流域水资源总量极端贫乏、年际年内分配不均、常规水资源量低、水污染问题较严重等特点,利用系统分析理论和优化技术建立了流域的大系统、多目标水资源优化配置模型,并利用优化的NSGA-Ⅱ方法进行求解,得到流域2020年期望水资源配置下的最佳分配方案为:流域总供水量57 086×104m3,工业供水量21 690×104m3(总产值约为144.6亿元),能源基地供水量4 329×104m3(总产值约为346.32万元),农业供水量20 840×104m3,生活供水量9 452×104m3,生态供水量811×104m3。对比期望方案供水量增加了6 710×104m3,综合缺水率减少了11.41%。并根据预测的流域的分配方案和预测的流域需水量,进行了流域的水资源平衡分析,通过平衡分析的结果进行流域的综合管理研究。2020年在最优水资源分配方案下,工业缺水率3.21%、减少了4.51%;能源基地缺水率0.00%;农业缺水率4.64%、缺水率增加26.17%;生活缺水率0.00%;生态缺水率1.00%、缺水率增加了1.00%。配置方案实现了流域内水资源的最佳分配,使宝贵、有限的水资源产生最大的社会、经济及环境效益,为流域经济、能源产业的快速发展提供水资源保障。     

基于引文网络的Cyberspace研究进展

以Web of Science数据库收录的有关研究Cyberspace的大量文献为数据源,采用文献计量学的分析方法,借助信息可视化软件CiteSpace Ⅱ对所采集的数据进行统计分析;获取1993 ～2013年检索数据,通过可视化图谱的方法挖掘出该领域的研究重点和学科分布;从地理学角度,揭示了该领域的研究热点和方向.     

Fe(Ⅱ)/针铁矿复合系统对水中橙黄G的吸附-还原脱色研究

系统研究了Fe(Ⅱ)/针铁矿复合系统对偶氮染料橙黄G(简称OG)的吸附-还原脱色机理,重点考察了反应条件p H值、Fe(Ⅱ)与OG摩尔比对OG还原脱色效果的影响。研究结果表明,矿物表面结合态Fe(Ⅱ)能够有效提高还原脱色反应速率;OG脱色反应非常符合准一级反应动力学方程,速率常数(k)随p H值的升高、亚铁离子吸附量的增加而显著增大;当OG初始浓度为50 mg/L、Fe(Ⅱ)与OG的摩尔比为27.0时,Fe(Ⅱ)/针铁矿复合系统对OG的去除脱色率在弱碱性条件下1 h内可达到100%。该系统对OG去除脱色的高效性是界面吸附与还原协同作用的结果。该研究可为有效应用Fe(Ⅱ)/针铁矿复合系统在缺氧环境中的污染修复提供理论指导。