氟化钕沉淀方法及组成研究

研究了以碳酸氢铵转型制备氟化钕过程中添加大分子助沉剂的工艺。初步探讨了其沉淀机理,并考察了各种因素对氟化钕收率的影响,用透射电镜、Ｘ射线衍射、差热热重等分析方法对氟化钕产品的形貌、粒径、组成和质量进行了测定。     

二氧化氯对煤储层物性改变的机理研究

二氧化氯在作为煤储层压裂破胶剂的同时,兼具降低煤的亲甲烷能力和化学增透作用。查明二氧化氯对煤储层物性改变的内在机理,对深部煤储层改造摒弃传统活性水改用高粘压裂液有重要意义。通过对二氧化氯改性前后的不同变质程度煤样的压汞和Raman光谱测试,对比分析了煤样改性前后的孔隙结构和化学结构的变化特征。测试结果表明:煤样改性后孔隙度和孔容不同程度增加,比表面积降低;改性后煤的脂肪链的支链化程度和芳香环的缩合程度均降低,煤结构单元缺陷增加,芳碳总量相对减少。可见,煤储层物性改变的机理在于煤孔隙结构及其大分子结构发生了相应变化。      

改性聚酰胺-胺破乳剂的合成及破乳性能的研究

以乙二胺和丙烯酸甲酯为原料,合成0.5~3.0代(G)聚酰胺-胺树枝状大分子中间体,并对端基进行季铵化改性。考察不同条件下改性聚酰胺-胺破乳剂对O/W型模拟含油污水的破乳除油性能。结果表明,随着支代化、破乳时间、破乳浓度增加破乳剂的破乳性能随之提高。在40℃、90 min、添加量为120 mg/L时,3.0G M-PAMAM破乳除油率超过85%。     

海水中大分子有机质对铂族元素的吸附动力学研究

Adsorption kinetics of the interaction between Pt, Pd and Rh(defined here as platinum group elements, PGEs)ions and macromolecular organic compounds(MOCs, 10 kDa), including humic acid, carrageenan and bovine serum albumin, and different cutoff fractions of natural organic matter(1 kDa and 3 kDa) obtained from seawater using centrifugal ultrafiltration devices were investigated. For a given element, all the adsorption kinetics did not reach equilibrium except the interaction between Pt and 1 kDa cutoff, and between Pd and humic acid.For all the tested MOCs, the adsorption kinetics could be divided into two stages, a rapid adsorption process in the first 8 h and the desorption stage after the first 8 h until the equilibrium. The change trend of partition coefficient(log_(10)K_d) values with experiment time was consistent with that of the kinetic curves. However, in the interaction between PGE ions and natural dissolved organic matter(NDOM), an obvious difference in the change trends of log_(10)K_d and kinetic curves was observed. It indicated that the partition behavior of PGE ions interacting with NDOM in seawater was a combined effect of different organic constituents. The adsorption and log_(10)K_d of PGEs in the 1 kDa NDOM fraction were higher and more stable than those in the 3 kDa NDOM fraction. The results also indicated that the 1–3 kDa NDOM may dominate the interaction between PGEs ions and NDOM. Moreover, no kinetic model could perfectly simulate the adsorption process. It indicated that the colloidal struction and morphology of MOCs or NDOM in seawater might be inhomogeneous. Hence, the interaction between PGE ions and organic matter in seawater was a complicated process and needs further research.     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘风沙土土壤水分特征与毛管水最大上升高度

为确定古尔班通古特沙漠南缘地下水深埋区毛管上升水的最大上升高度,对划分固沙植物水分来源提供理论依据,于2016年3月~2018年11月,采用中子仪法对试验地0~10 m土层土壤含水量进行观测,分析沙丘不同坡位土壤含水量的季节变化情况,并利用最大分子持水量与土壤含水量曲线交会法确定试验地毛管水的最大上升高度。结果表明：沙丘不同坡位0~130 cm土层的土壤含水量受外界气象因素影响较大,随季节变化规律明显;130 cm土层以下至570~760 cm土层为土壤含水量较为稳定的干沙层;而570~760 cm以下土层的土壤含水量主要受地下水水位波动和毛管上升水的影响,其含水量变化上界可看作是毛管水的最大上升高度。试验地的最大分子持水量为0.026 1 cm³·cm^-3,且沙丘不同坡位毛管水的最大上升高度分布在250~290 cm之间。     

Identification and geochemical significance of polarized macromolecular compounds in lacustrine and marine oils

Polarized macromolecular compounds in typical lacustrine and marine shale oils collected from the Ordos Basin and Tarim Basin of China were analyzed by FT-ICR-MS. Maturity was taken into consideration by diagenesis physical simulation experiments on shale oils, which had been collected at various temperature and pressure stages. The results showed that similar components existed in non-hydrocarbon and asphaltenes and the main peak compound classes of Nl and 02 were potential parameters for identifying typical marine oil and lacustrine oil in China. Nitrogen compounds/（nitrogen compounds and oxygen compounds）, such as Nl/（O2＋Nt）, NL/（Oa＋Nt）, Ni/（NiO1＋N1O2） are the maturity indicators, which are related with C-N and C-O bond energy. Differences in molecular components and weights between marine and lacustrine oils are the effective index to identify source maturity and sedimentary environment.     

PAMAM对硅垢的抑制作用及其阻垢机理的MD模拟

以乙二胺、丙烯酸甲酯和甲醇为原料,合成不同代数的树状大分子聚酰胺—胺(PAMAM)作为硅垢阻垢剂,采用红外光谱和元素分析方法对产品进行表征,应用分子动力学模拟方法,研究PAMAM与硅酸分子之间的相互作用。结果表明:在pH为7,代数为G1.0,质量浓度为40 mg/L,作用时间为24 h时的静态防垢率为79.61%。阻垢效果最好的G1.0-PAMAM在阻垢过程中主要为吸附反应,由静电相互作用和氢键相互作用组成。该结果为研发更高效的阻垢剂提供参考。     

中国专家解读诺贝尔化学奖

主要有X射线衍射法，核磁共振法和质谱等分析方法。其中X射线衍射法给出的信息最多，可以告诉我们每一个原子在生物大分子晶体中的确切位置，但是使用这种分析方法需要生长生物大分子的单晶，而这往往是很困难的，并且单晶中的生物大分子与活体(生命环境)中的生物大分子在结构方面有很大的不同。核磁核磁共振法测定生物大分子结构时，可以使用溶液样品，测出的生物大分子结构更接近活体情况，而且样品制备也相对简单。质谱主要得到的是生物大分子的分子量，质谱一般配合其他测量手段一起使用，来测定生物大分子的结构。     

2003年国外人造金刚石获新进展，我们怎么办?

2003年，国外人造金刚石获得2项突破性进展——俄罗斯生产出性能超过金刚石的大分子三维聚合物，日本研发出超高硬度人造金刚石。为此，提出了改变我国合成金刚石工业停滞不前局面的建议。