Structural kinematics,metamorphic P–T profiles and zircon geochronology across the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex in south‐central Tibet: implication for a revised channel flow

A specific question about the Himalayas is whether the orogeny grew by distributed extrusion or discrete thrusting. To place firm constraints on tectonic models for the orogeny, kinematic, thermobarometric and geochronological investigations have been undertaken across the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex (GHC) in the Nyalam region, south‐central Tibet. The GHC in this section is divided into the lower, upper and uppermost GHC, with kinematically top‐to‐the‐south, alternating with top‐to‐the‐north shear senses. A new thrust named the Nyalam thrust is recognized between the lower and upper GHC, with a 3 kbar pressure reversion, top‐to‐the‐south thrust sense, and was active after the exhumation of the GHC. Peak temperature reached ～749 °C in the cordierite zone, and decreased southwards to 633–667 °C in the kyanite and sillimanite‐muscovite zones, and northwards to greenschist facies at the top of the South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS). Pressure at peak temperature reached a maximum value in the kyanite zone of 9.0–12.6 kbar and decreased northwards to ～4.1 kbar in the cordierite zone. Zircon U‐Pb ages of a sillimanite migmatite and an undeformed leucogranite dyke cutting the mylonitized rocks in the STDS reveal a long‐lived partial melting of the GHC, which initiated at 39.7–34 Ma and ceased at 14.1 Ma. Synthesizing the obtained and collected results, a revised channel flow model is proposed by considering the effect of heat advection and convection by melt and magma migration. Our new model suggests that distributed processes like channel flow dominated during the growth of the Himalayan orogen, while discrete thrusting occurred in a later period as a secondary process.     

The Himalayan Collisional Orogeny: A Metamorphic Perspective

This paper introduces how crustal thickening controls the growth of the Himalaya by summarizing the P-T-t evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core. The Himalayan orogeny was divided into three stages. Stage 60–40 Ma: The Himalayan crust thickened to ~40 km through Barrovian-type metamorphism (15–25 °C/km), and the Himalaya rose from <0 to ~1000 m. Stage 40–16 Ma: The crust gradually thickened to 60–70 km, resulting in abundant high-grade metamorphism and anatexis (peak-P, 15–25 °C/km; peak-T, >30 °C/km). The three sub-sheets in the Himalayan metamorphic core extruded southward sequentially through imbricate thrusts of the Eo-Himalayan thrust, High Himalayan thrust, and Main Central thrust, and the Himalaya rose to ≥5,000 m. Stage 16–0 Ma: the mountain roots underwent localized delamination, causing asthenospheric upwelling and overprinting of the lower crust by ultra-high-temperature metamorphism (30–50 °C/km), and the Himalaya reached the present elevation of ~6,000 m. Underplating and imbricate thrusting dominated the Himalaya’ growth and topographic rise, conforming to the critical taper wedge model. Localized delamination of mountain roots facilitated further topographic rise. Future Himalayan metamorphic studies should focus on extreme metamorphism and major collisional events, contact metamorphism and rare metal mineralization, metamorphic decarbonation and the carbon cycle in collisional belts.     

NP6-1井PDC钻头断落处理与认识

随着PDC钻头的广泛使用,因PDC钻头选型与钻遇地层的不匹配,或PDC钻头本身质量问题,也遇到一些井下复杂情况。此文介绍NP6-1井在311．2mm井段使用PDC钻头钻至井深2878．76m时,PDC钻头从公扣根部折断留在井底,加工公锥和采取适当措施成功地打捞出落鱼,避免侧钻,挽回了经济损失。该井成功打捞出PDC钻头,为同类型的井下落鱼或小落鱼提供参考与借鉴。     

西昆仑山前东段新生代褶皱冲断带及其锥形楔机制

西昆仑山前东段的和田-柯克亚构造带与塔里木盆地内的麻扎塔格构造带相距为200 km,两者近似平行,遥相对应,麻扎塔格构造带是和田-柯克亚构造带的前沿,山前挤压变形量沿古近系阿尔塔什组膏泥岩向北传递约200 km到麻扎塔格,形成往北东逆冲的断层传播褶皱,在盆地腹部表现为一条显著的北西向地形隆起。因此,整个西昆仑山前东段新生代褶皱冲断带宽约为270 km,长约为220 km,由和田-柯克亚构造带、麦盖提斜坡和麻扎塔格构造带组成。中部近200 km的麦盖提斜坡内没有明显构造变形,且整个褶皱冲断带的锥形楔角度远小于活动造山带的临界锥形角,说明古近系底部阿尔塔什组膏泥岩以及新生代沉积体的形态是这个褶皱冲断带锥形楔形成的主控原因,膏泥岩控制了锥形楔的顶面坡度α基底构造形态及上覆沉积楔形体则控制了锥形楔的底部滑脱层倾角β。     

Broadband frequency-dependent amplification of seismic waves across Bucharest, Romania

The determination of seismic amplitude amplification is a fundamental contribution to seismic hazard assessment. While often only high-frequency amplitude variations (>1 Hz) are taken into account, we analyse broadband waveforms from 0.14 to 8.6 Hz using a temporary network of 32 stations in and around the earthquake-prone city of Bucharest. Spectral amplitudes are calculated with an adaptive multiple-taper approach. Across our network (aperture 25 km × 25 km), we find a systematic northwest/southeast-oriented structural influence on teleseismic P-wave amplitudes from 0.14 to 0.86 Hz that can be explained by constructive interference in the dipping Cenozoic sedimentary layers. For higher frequencies (1.4–8.75 Hz), more local site effects prevail and can be correlated partly among neighbouring stations. The transition between systematic and localised amplitude variations occurs at about 1 Hz.     

工程钻机圆锥滚子轴承的预紧装置

分析了工程钻机在施工过程中轴承游动间隙对钻机的影响,提出了钻机输出轴圆锥滚子轴承的外端,加装一套碟形弹簧预紧装置,有效地解决轴承的游动间隙。     

褶皱冲断带构造砂箱物理模型研究进展

地壳浅层次褶皱冲断带普遍受控于具耦合互馈特性的多种机制或边界条件,从而具有长期的构造演化过程和复杂的构造特征。自19世纪初以来,基于地质构造过程自相似性和"无理有效性"的砂箱物理模型,为解译褶皱冲断带的演化过程及其动力学机制等提供了独立有效的手段。本文主要基于国内外地壳浅表褶皱冲断带构造变形过程为研究对象的构造砂箱物理模型研究结果与进展进行综述性报道,以期为同行提供参考与借鉴。基于与地壳浅表地层具相似流变学特性的砂箱物理模拟研究,揭示出地壳浅层次构造变形过程普遍自相似性生长过程,符合库伦临界楔理论。褶皱冲断带挤压变形过程中,基底特性(基底几何学、有效摩擦角、基底耦合性和流体超压)、变形物质特性(空间几何学、能干层、流变学和非均一性)、动力学机制(砂箱几何边界、汇聚速率和汇聚方向)、浅表作用(剥蚀和沉降)等对于地壳浅表构造变形过程具有明显的控制作用。构造砂箱物理模型在解译不同构造变形过程与机制的研究中发挥着越来越突出的作用。     

底部滑脱层流变性和厚度变化对褶皱冲断带影响的数值模拟

滑脱层是影响褶皱冲断带的第一因素。为了探讨底部滑脱层流变性和厚度变化对褶皱冲断带的影响,本文通过二维有限差分软件FLAC开展了数值模拟研究。常见的泥岩滑脱层具摩擦性质,此类冲断带采用弹塑性模型;而盐岩滑脱层具蠕变性质,此类冲断带则采用黏弹塑性模型。结果表明,底部滑脱层流变性以及厚度对冲断带的变形影响很大。当滑脱层为泥岩时,发育典型的叠瓦状构造样式,变形序列为背驮式向前扩展的有序序列。而当滑脱层为盐岩时,发育背、向斜相间排列的侏罗山式构造样式,并以无序序列演化。底部滑脱层厚度的变化,对泥岩滑脱层的冲断带而言,主要改变其表面坡角,对构造样式和演化序列影响不大;但对盐岩滑脱层的冲断带影响很大,不管滑脱层最厚的地方分布在后陆还是前陆,变形都会最强烈,地表凸起最高。从后陆向前陆加厚的盐岩滑脱层结合由后陆向前陆略为减薄的上覆地层可产生罕见的后冲、后展式演化序列。这些变形的差异主要是由于盐岩比泥岩具有小得多的剪切强度所致。     

1953—2014年丽水日照时数周期演变规律

利用丽水市1953—2014年逐月日照资料,采用趋势分析方法对年代际、年际和季节日照时数变化趋势进行分析,利用Morlet小波分析和多窗口谱 (Multi Taper Method) 研究日照时数的周期特征,并重建显著周期信号,分析日照时数不同时间尺度显著周期的演变规律。结果表明：丽水日照时数呈极显著下降趋势,每10 a减少35%。夏季日照时数最多,且减少趋势最明显,其次是秋季。Morlet小波和多窗口谱分析结果均显示：年代际尺度准12 a周期最为显著,年际尺度6 a和2～4 a周期也较明显。最显著的准12 a周期信号,其振幅随时间变化具有3个明显的缓变包络。     

多自由度减振磁流变阻尼器的设计研究

针对磁流变阻尼器存在的磁流变液体沉淀、结构复杂、阻尼通道设计不尽合理等问题和工程应用中多自由度减振的实际需求,采用阻尼通道的锥形孔结构、平行圆盘缝隙式设计和分体式结构、实现磁流变阻尼器易安装、散热好、效率高和多自由度减振使用的目的.通过台架试验研究,分析了控制电流、激振频率和振幅对阻尼器阻尼特件的影响,结果表明所设计的...