Organic matter origin and distribution in suspended particulate materials and surficial sediments from the western Adriatic Sea (Italy)

In this study, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), stable carbon isotopic (δ¹³C_OC) and CuO reaction product compositions were used to identify the sources of organic matter (OM) and to quantify the relative importance of allochthonous and autochthonous contributions to the western Adriatic Sea, Italy. Suspended particulate material (195 samples) and surficial sediments (0–1 cm, 70 samples) from shallow cross-shelf transects were collected in February and May 2003, respectively. Vertical water column profiles were acquired along the same transects. Data include depth, potential temperature, salinity, density and chlorophyll fluorimetry.Along the western Adriatic shelf in the near-shore region, the phytoplankton growth was influenced by dynamics of the buoyant plumes from the Po and Appennine rivers. A small amount of very fine terrigenous material remained suspended within the coastal current and was exported southward along the shelf to the slope. High variability in the bulk composition was detected in the Po prodelta surficial sediments, whereas the western Adriatic shelf, although a larger area, exhibited a narrower range of values.A significant decoupling was observed between suspended particles in the water column and surficial deposits. The organic material collected in the water column was compositionally heterogeneous, with contributions from marine phytoplankton, riverine–estuarine phytoplankton and soil-derived OM. Frequent physical reworking of surficial sediments likely leads to the efficient oxidation of marine OC, resulting in the observed accumulation and preservation of refractory soil-derived OC delivered by the Po and Appennine rivers.     

Variation among fossil chironomid assemblages in surficial sediments of Bodensee-Untersee (SW-Germany): implications for paleolimnological interpretation

In paleolimnology, subfossil head capsules of chironomids play an important role as ecological indicators of lake history. It is important to determine, therefore, whether fossil assemblages are representative of former biocoenoses. There is evidence that headcapsules washed in from other places can make up a significant percentage of the total. As interpretations are usually drawn from the examination of a single core, it is of special interest to know whether a fossil assemblage of a single site properly reflects limnological conditions of the whole lake. This study examined the taxonomic distribution of subfossil chironomids in the surficial sediments of the Bodensee-Untersee, with the aim of assessing the variability in chironomid assemblages. Apparently, most of the head capsules of the profundal fossil assemblages in the Untersee had been washed in from the littoral zone or from the slope. Although the Bodensee-Untersee is a rather large lake, variability is surprisingly low among all samples. Therefore a correct interpretation from a single core may be possible.     

安宁河断裂带北段的最新地面活断层与地震潜在能力研究

从最新地面活断层的不连续性,断层滑动速率以及古地震研究的角度讨论安宁河断裂带北段的地震潜在能力,认为不连续的活断层可能成为各自独立的地震破裂单元,从而决定了地震的潜在能力,其中,野鸡洞破裂段的潜在地震能力最强,可达7级。上次地震至今的平静时间已接近古地震的平均重现间隔,因而具有高度的地震危险性     

汶川县南沟滑坡与防治

滑坡位于汶川县城关镇南沟,属深层牵引式土质滑坡。该滑坡正处于活动期,一旦大规模活动,将危及县政府等几十个机关、学校和居民的安全,给数千人的生命、财产带来极大的损失。本文提出了筑坝、排水、封山育林等具体防治方案和措施。     

Damage distribution during the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake relative to generalized categories of surficial geology

The spatial distributions of severely damaged buildings (red-tagged) and of breaks in the water distribution system following the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake (M_L = 6·4) are investigated relative to the local characteristics of surficial geology. The pipe breaks are used as an indicator of nonlinear soil response, and the red-tagged buildings as indicator of severe shaking. The surficial geology is described by several generalized categories based on age, textural character and thickness of the near surface layer. Two regions are studied: the San Fernando Valley and Los Angeles-Santa Monica. The analysis shows that there is no simple correlation between damage patterns and surficial geology. Single family wood-frame buildings were damaged less when built on fine silt and clay (0–3 m thick) from the late Holocene.     

南沙群岛海区表层沉积物吸附铜离子的实验研究

通过对南沙群岛海区表层沉积物与铜离子交换吸附作用的实验研究发现:(1)铜离子在海水条件下与沉积物的交换吸附为一价阳离子交换;(2)不同站位的沉积物对铜离子的交换吸附能力不同;(3)铜离子在沉积物上的吸着行为存在着分级离子/配位子交换反应。     

元坝长兴组超深层生物礁大气田优质储层发育机理

通过系统开展元坝气田长兴组超深层生物礁储层岩石学与岩石地球化学分析,结合碳酸盐岩溶蚀动力学模拟实验,以及储层古压力恢复,揭示了元坝超深层生物礁优质储层的发育保存机理。研究表明,早期暴露溶蚀、浅埋藏白云岩化是基质孔隙发育的基础,储层深埋引起的古油藏原油裂解导致的超压水力破裂缝的形成,是储层渗透性改善的关键,"孔-缝耦合"共同控制了超深层优质储层的发育。在此基础上,构建了生物礁非均质"孔-缝双元结构"储层模型,为生物礁储层预测奠定了理论基础。     

平原区浅表岩性模型构建——以1:5万生祠堂镇幅填图为例

在1:5万平原区填图试点项目中,以生祠堂镇幅浅表地质填图为例,研究了该区浅表三维模型的构建。根据研究区遥感地貌特征,部署了15条北西向地质路线,以Eijkelkamp槽型取样钻为手段,揭露了研究区浅表3~4 m范围内的沉积物特征,建立以DSI为关键技术的三维浅表模型构建的基本流程,将槽型钻岩性描述量化为空间属性点,并建立标准层位,对各层位分别进行属性插值,获取分层沉积物岩性三维模型,选取北西向AA'典型路线三维剖面,研究区域纵向沉积相的变化,以剥去耕植土后的河流相层为例,结合地貌特征,勾绘出本区地表岩性岩相界线。研究成果表明,三维浅表模型对于区域地质调查、地质图、岩性岩相图、全新世第四纪地质填图等均有重要的应用价值,并可应用于浅层地下水防污性能研究、土壤污染等地质环境问题研究。     

An analytical solution for rainfall infiltration into an unsaturated infinite slope and its application to slope stability analysis

Surficial slope failures in residual soils are common in tropical and subtropical regions as a result of rainfall infiltration. This study develops an analytical solution for simulating rainfall infiltration into an infinite unsaturated soil slope. The analytical solution is based on the general partial differential equation for water flow through unsaturated soils. It can accept soil–water characteristic curve and unsaturated permeability function of the exponential form into account. Numerical simulations are conducted to verify the assumptions of the analytical solution and demonstrate that the proposed analytical solution is acceptable for the coarse soils with low air entry values. The pore‐water pressure (pwp) distributions obtained from the analytical solution can be incorporated into a limit equilibrium method to do infinite slope stability analysis for a rain‐induced shallow slip. The analysis method takes into account the influence of the water content change on unit weight and hence on factor of safety. A series of analytical parametric analyses have been performed using the developed model. The analyses indicate that when the residual soil slope, consisting of a completely decomposed granite layer underlain by a less permeable layer, is subjected to a continuous heavy rainfall, the loss of negative pwp and the reduction in factor of safety were found to be most significant for the shallow soil layer and during the first 12 h. The antecedent and subsequent rainfall intensity, depth of a less permeable layer and slope angle all have a significant influence on the pwp response and hence the slope stability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

样品处理与保存方法对表层沉积物中金属形态分析的影响

利用改进的Tessier连续萃取法研究了冷藏、冷冻、冻干、烘干和风干等样品处理与保存方法对表层沉积物中金属形态的影响。结果表明：各样品处理与保存过程对沉积物中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn及Pb的形态均具有不同程度的影响,其中Fe的形态受其影响最小（<3.3%）,Mn的形态受其影响最大（最高可达10.2%）;冻干对各金属形态的影响最小（<4.6%）;烘干和风干对重金属Cu、Zn和Pb的可交换态（Ⅰ+Ⅱ）和非残渣态（Ⅰ-Ⅴ）分布影响较大,而冷藏、冷冻和冻干的影响相对较小。因此,综合考虑重金属的形态分布及其生物可利用性,冻干是较理想的沉积物样品处理与保存方法。