Microbial release of potassium from K-bearing minerals by thermophilic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus

A strain of thermophilic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus was cultured with K-bearing minerals to determine if microbe-mineral interactions enhance the release of mineralic potassium. Experiments were carried out in two settings, one with the mineral grains and the fungal cells in direct contact, and the other employing a membrane (pore size 0.22 μm) to separate the two. Measurements over a period of 30 days showed that, irrespective of the experimental setup, the concentration of free K in the culture was drastically higher than those in any of the control experiments where no living organism was present. Moreover, the occurrence of mineral-cell physical contact enhanced potassium release by an additional factor of 3 to 4 in comparison to the separation experiments. For contact experiments, Electron Probe Microanalysis revealed the formation of mycelium-mineral aggregates, and Atomic Force Microscopy imaging further indicated the possible ingestion of mineral particles by the fungus cells. Contrasting to what was observed and expected in control experiments, the potassium solubilization rate showed a positive dependence upon pH when fungi and minerals were mixed directly, and exhibited no correlations with solution acidity if cell-rock contact was restrained. These results appear to suggest that A. fumigatus promoted potassium release by means of at least three likely routes, one through the complexation of soluble organic ligands, another appealing to the immobile biopolymers such as the insoluble components of secretion, and the third related to the mechanical forces in association with the direct physical contact between cells and mineral particles.     

邻菲啰啉助溶保护-容量法测定电气石中的氧化亚铁

电气石是一种含硼的铝硅酸盐矿物,是成岩成矿作用的灵敏示踪剂,通过测试围岩电气石中氧化亚铁的含量,可以鉴定电气石所赋存岩床的成因。但是,国内外目前尚无系统的电气石化学成分标准分析方法及电气石化学成分标准物质,针对电气石中氧化亚铁分析方法的研究更是罕有报道。该文通过在溶矿过程中加入邻菲啰啉,与亚铁形成络合物,对亚铁能够起到较好的助溶和保护效果,建立了在聚四氟乙烯坩埚中加入邻菲啰啉、氢氟酸及硫酸,中高温电热板加热溶矿,重铬酸钾容量法测定电气石中的亚铁的方法。该方法的精密度(RSD,n=12)为0.59%,样品加标回收率为99.3%~100.9%。经过多家实验室间的比对实验,证明该方法准确度高,具有较好的应用效果。     

王588块泥浆污染深穿透酸液研究与评价

王588块钻井泥浆污染主要是固相入侵和滤液与地层水的不配伍性。通过实验,优选出了具有高效深穿透能力以及固相溶解量大的表面活性剂DS-101酸液复配体系。实验表明,该体系耐温性强,对油泥具有极强的分散和溶解作用,对泥浆污染有明显的解堵效果,岩心渗透率恢复率可达127%。     

Isolation and characterization of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from seagrass rhizosphere soil

Phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strains(6 Nos.) were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of two seagrasses(Halophila ovalis(R.Br.) Hook and Halodule pinifolia(Miki) Hartog) in the Vellar estuary.Experimental studies found that the strain PSSG6 was effective in phosphate solubilization with Phosphate Solubilization efficiency index E = 375 ± 8.54,followed by the strain PSSG5 with Phosphate Solubilization efficiency index E = 275 ± 27.3.Of the 6 strains isolated,the strains PSSG4 and PSSG5 be-longed to the genus Bacillus,and PSSG1,PSSG2 and PSSG3 were identified as Citrobacter sp.,Shigella sp.,and Klebsiella sp.,respectively,by conventional method,and PSSG6 was identified as Bacillus circulans using conventional and molecular methods.     

Effect of Mineral Dusts on the Growth of Silicate Bacteria S35

In order to compare the chemical compositions and physical properities of dusts on silicate bacteria S35, the chemical compositions of six kinds of mineral dusts have been analyzed and the changes of pH value, glucose （GLU）, electrolyte and Mn, Si, Fe before and after the dusts reacted with silicate bacteria S35 have been measured. The SEM analysis has been used to study the bacterial form and interface action status in the course of reaction between dusts and bacteria. The results show that these mineral dusts have different effects on experiment bacteria. Therefore, it is concluded that the effect of mineral dusts on silicate bacteria has correlation with the chemical compositions and physical properities of dusts.     

Arsenic solubilization and redistribution under anoxic conditions in three aquifer sediments from a basin-fill aquifer in Northern Utah: The role of natural organic carbon and carbonate minerals

The basin-fill aquifers of the Western U.S. contain elevated concentrations of arsenic in the groundwater due to ancient volcanic deposits that host arsenic minerals. Microcosms were constructed using two oxidized sediments and, by contrast, a reduced sediment collected from a shallow basin-fill aquifer in the Cache Valley Basin, Northern Utah to evaluate the fate of geologic arsenic under anoxic conditions. Sequential extractions indicated the primary arsenic host mineral was amorphous iron oxides, but 13%–17% of the total arsenic was associated with carbonate minerals. Arsenic was solubilized from the sediments when incubated with groundwater in the presence of native organic carbon. Arsenic solubilization occurred prior to iron reduction rather than the commonly observed co-reactivity. Arsenic(V) associated with carbonate minerals was the main source of arsenic released to solution and redistributed onto less soluble minerals, including FeS and siderite as defined by chemical extraction. Arsenic reduction occurred only in the site-oxidized sediments. The addition of a carbon and energy source, glucose, resulted in enhanced arsenic solubilization, which was coupled with iron reduction from the site-oxidized sediments. Adding glucose promoted iron reduction that masked the role of carbonate minerals in arsenic solubilization and retention as observed with incubation with groundwater only.     

溶解作用对南海北部沉积物捕获器碳、氮通量估算的影响

由于化学溶出、物理溶解以及胞外酶等作用,沉积物捕获器中颗粒物在锚系布放期间会发生一定程度的溶解,从而引起沉积物捕获器中碳、氮颗粒物通量的低估。本文对于1987—1988年南海北部中深层沉积物捕获器中碳、氮颗粒物的溶解作用进行了研究。溶解作用对于碳、氮通量估算的影响大致随着深度的增加而减小。总体而言,颗粒有机碳通量低估约3.8%~40.3%,平均值为26.6%。颗粒氮通量低估约4.2%~76.4%,平均值为43.7%。碳、氮颗粒物的溶出量与颗粒物通量大小关系不明显,但是样品储存时间对于碳、氮颗粒物溶解作用的影响较显著,储存时间较长的样品中颗粒物溶出量更大。