大气中磷化氢的源与汇及其形成机理

研究天然环境中的磷化氢将会加深对磷的生物地球化学循环的认识,同时对于认识和解决当前环境中富营养化、生物除磷等问题提供一定的参考和帮助。通过对近30a相关研究工作的分析,介绍了大气中磷化氢的各种源与汇及磷化氢测定方法,阐述了磷化氢形成的热力学和微生物学机理,并探讨了磷化氢研究中存在源汇不全面、生物化学形成机理不清楚、水体样品检测方法、生态及其毒理效应等问题,这些问题也将是未来的研究重点。     

三（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（TCEP）对大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus）免疫相关基因表达的影响

三（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine, TCEP）是一种新型内分泌干扰物（Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals,EDCs),低剂量就会造成很强的生物毒性。通过研究不同质量浓度梯度的TCEP对养殖大菱鲆的胁迫,发现其在24 h 、48 h 、72 h 和96 h的半致死浓度（LC₅₀）分别为190.76 mg/L、159.94 mg/L、140.70 mg/L和110.71 mg/L;安全浓度（SC）为33.60 mg/L。24 h内不同质量浓度梯度的TCEP和不同胁迫时间对养殖大菱鲆的影响表明,高于质量浓度33.60 mg/L的TCEP对大菱鲆具有急性毒性效应。用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析TCEP急性胁迫的养殖大菱鲆体内2种细胞免疫因子-组织相容性复合体alpha（MHC-Ⅱ α）和肿瘤坏死因子alpha（TNF-α）的基因相对表达水平,发现经TCEP胁迫后2种细胞免疫因子的表达量都显著上调;随TCEP的质量浓度升高,特别是达到47.69 mg/L（$ \frac{1}{4} $ LC₅₀）以上时表达量的变化更加明显;而胁迫时间超过12 h,基因表达量会呈现先上升后下降的趋势,说明对大菱鲆免疫系统造成急性损伤。研究结果可为大菱鲆健康养殖提供参考,并为环境污染物检测提供分子标记参考。     

磷化氢在海水中的转化及其影响因素研究

通过室内模拟实验,研究了磷化氢在海水中的转化过程,分析了光照条件、氧化条件、通入方式等环境因子对磷化氢转化的影响。结果表明,在日光照射条件下,磷化氢在海水中可部分转化为磷酸盐,但转化率相对较低,转化过程复杂;环境因子在磷化氢转化过程中起重要作用,日光照射、紫外光照射、氧化条件等均能促进海水中磷化氢向磷酸盐和总磷的转化,在紫外光照射条件下检测到磷化氢向磷酸盐的最大转化率为66.6%。本研究对探索磷化氢在海洋环境生物地球化学循环中的作用具有重要意义。     

Matrix bound phosphine in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent shelf areas

Matrix bound phosphine (MBP) is commonly considered an important phosphorus form in the natural environment. This paper presents an investigation of the spatial distribution of MBP and its relationship with the environmental factors in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent shelf areas (29.5–32°N, 122–124°E). A total of 32 surface sediment samples were collected from April 24 to 30, 2008. MBP was detected in all samples from the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent shelf surface sediments (0.1–29.7 ng kg⁻¹). The concentration of MBP decreased from the Changjiang Estuary to the East China Sea shelf. Environmental factors such as organic matter, type of sediments, and redox conditions were found to affect the concentration and distribution of MBP in the marine sediments. Although the MBP levels were low in the marine sediments, the marine biogeochemical cycles of MBP in sediments were established and the information presented here will contribute to the understanding of the biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus.     

Seasonal and spatial distribution of matrix-bound phosphine and its relationship with the environment in the Changjiang River Estuary, China

Sediment is commonly considered as a source of phosphine, which is a highly toxic and reactive atmospheric trace gas. This study aims to investigate the seasonal and spatial distribution of matrix-bound phosphine (MBP) and its relationship with the environment in the Changjiang River Estuary. A total of 43 surface sediments were collected in four seasons of 2006, and concentrations of MBP and relative environmental factors were analyzed. MBP ranged from 1.93 to 94.86ngkg(-1) dry weight (dw) with an average concentration of 17.14ngkg(-1)dw. The concentrations of MBP in the upper estuary were higher than those in the lower estuary, which could be attributed to greater pollutant inputs in the upper estuary. The concentrations of MBP also varied with season, with November>August>May>February. Significant correlations existed between MBP and total phosphorus (TP), organic phosphorus (OP), inorganic phosphorus (IP), organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), the grain size, and redox potential (Eh), suggesting that these sedimentary environmental characteristics played an important role in controlling the MBP levels in the sediments. Notably, there were positive linear relationships between the concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), TP, and chlorophyll a (Chl a) in bottom water and MBP in sediments. These relationships might be very complicated and need further exploration. This work is the first comprehensive study of the seasonal and spatial distribution of MBP in sediments and its relationships with environmental factors in a typical estuary, and will lead to deeper understanding of the phosphorus (P) biogeochemical cycle.     

磷酸三丁酯三苯基膦醋酸纤维富集-等离子体发射光谱法测定地质样品中的痕量金银

地质样品经王水分解后,在一定浓度的王水和盐酸介质中,以磷酸三丁酯三苯基膦醋酸纤维富集金银,用20g/L硫脲溶液解脱,采用等离子体发射光谱法测定,金、银的回收率为98%~101%,方法检出限金为0.001μg/g,银为0.001μg/g。     

Matrix-bound phosphine in sediments from Lake Illawarra, New South Wales, Australia

Matrix-bound phosphine (MBP) has been measured in sediment from two cores in Lake Illawarra on the south east coast of Australia. The sediments were also dated in the upper layers. MBP concentrations found range from 142 to 1813 ng kg⁻¹, dw (dry weight of sediment) with some values being amongst the highest ever measured. Values of MBP in deeper sediments were higher than for near surface samples, but the patterns with depth were not consistent. Strong correlations were noted between MBP and organic phosphorus (OP, r > 0.8) and with total phosphorus (TP, r > 0.7), but only moderate correlations were found with organic carbon (OC, r > 0.5). No correlations were found between MBP concentrations and the age of the sediments. It was confirmed that high MBP concentrations are indicative of a phosphorus rich environment. The results tend to support the premise that MBP is generated by microbial attack on OP under anaerobic conditions.     

三苯基膦泡沫塑料富集火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定微量银

试样经王水分解,在5％—15％的王水介质中,用三苯基膦泡沫塑料对微量银进行分离富集。用ρ为20g/l的硫脲溶液解脱被吸附在泡沫塑料上的银。解脱液在原子吸收分光光度计上测定银量。方法的检出限为0.022×10~(-■),特征浓度为0.014μg/ml,可测定地质样品中0.0X×10~(-6)以上的银量。     

Matrix bound phosphine in sediments of the yellow sea and its coastal areas

Matrix bound phosphine (MBP), a kind of chemically reduced phosphorus, has received limited attention in prevailing modeling of the phosphorus biogeochemical cycle. MBP has been found to occur in marine sediments. MBP in the sediments of the Yellow Sea and its coastal areas was measured by gas chromatography from 2004 to 2007. MBP levels in surface sediments were 0.19–38.24 ng kg⁻¹ in the shelf of the Yellow Sea, 0.34–17.15 ng kg⁻¹ in the Jiaozhou Bay, 2.11–71.79 ng kg⁻¹ in the Sanggou Bay and 0.28–319.32 ng kg⁻¹ in the rivers around the Jiaozhou Bay. High levels of MBP occurred in the northern and middle areas of the Yellow Sea. Obvious seasonal variation of MBP was observed in surface sediments of the Sanggou Bay, with the highest MBP level occurring in summer and the lowest in winter. MBP in surface sediments of the inner Jiaozhou Bay was higher than those in the outer region. MBP levels increased with depth in the top 5–10 cm sediments of the Jiaozhou Bay and on the intertidal flats. Environmental factors such as type of sediments, temperature, organic matter and human activity were found to affect the concentrations and distribution of MBP in marine sediments.