Coronal Holes and Icosahedral Symmetry

The study of the expansion of the solar wind out of a system of coronal holes is continued. To this end, we consider the numerical integration of partial differential equations for problems with icosahedral symmetry, in general. First, employing Weyl theory, orbifold coordinates are introduced. Second, the icosahedral coordinates are discussed in detail. Third, following an analysis of the properties of these coordinates and the derivation of a few expressions useful for grid construction, various alternatives for the distribution of lattice points required for numerical integration are considered. A comparison of these numerical grids motivates the choice of a specific grid optimized for the numerical integration carried out in the accompanying paper by Kalish et al.(2002). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Coupling a two-way nested primitive equation model and a statistical SST predictor of the Ligurian Sea via data assimilation

A primitive equation model and a statistical predictor are coupled by data assimilation in order to combine the strength of both approaches. In this work, the system of two-way nested models centred in the Ligurian Sea and the satellite-based ocean forecasting (SOFT) system predicting the sea surface temperature (SST) are used. The data assimilation scheme is a simplified reduced order Kalman filter based on a constant error space. The assimilation of predicted SST improves the forecast of the hydrodynamic model compared to the forecast obtained by assimilating past SST observations used by the statistical predictor. This study shows that the SST of the SOFT predictor can be used to correct atmospheric heat fluxes. Traditionally this is done by relaxing the model SST towards the climatological SST. Therefore, the assimilation of SOFT SST and climatological SST are also compared.     

Hierarchical decomposition of variance with applications in environmental mapping based on satellite images

A quadtree-based image segmentation procedure (HQ) is presented to map complex environmental conditions. It applies a hierarchical nested analysis of variance within the framework of multiresolution wavelet approximation. The procedure leads to an optimal solution for determining mapping units based on spatial variability with constraints on the arrangement and shape of the units. Linkages to geostatisiics are pointed out, but the HQ decomposition algorithm does not require any homogeneity criteria. The computer implementation can be parameterized by either the number of required mapping units or the maximum within-unit variance, or it can provide a spectrum of significances of nested ANOVA. The detailed mathematical background and methodology is illustrated by a salt-affected grassland mapping study (Hortobágy, Hungary), where heterogeneous environmental characteristics have been sampled and predicted based on remotely sensed images using these principles.     

基于线性四叉树的全球离散格网索引

将四元三角剖分的三角形格网组织成四叉树剖分的菱形块格网,以菱形块单元来进行数据的组织索引,通过线性四叉树成熟的Morton编码作为关键字来标识查找菱形块,并在此基础上经过改进来索引三角形格网、进行邻域搜索。     

Fitting the Linear Model of Coregionalization by Generalized Least Squares

In geostatistical studies, the fitting of the linear model of coregionalization (LMC) to direct and cross experimental semivariograms is usually performed with a weighted least-squares (WLS) procedure based on the number of pairs of observations at each lag. So far, no study has investigated the efficiency of other least-squares procedures, such as ordinary least squares (OLS), generalized least squares (GLS), and WLS with other weighing functions, in the context of the LMC. In this article, we compare the statistical properties of the sill estimators obtained with eight least-squares procedures for fitting the LMC: OLS, four WLS, and three GLS. The WLS procedures are based on approximations of the variance of semivariogram estimates at each distance lag. The GLS procedures use a variance–covariance matrix of semivariogram estimates that is (i) estimated using the fourth-order moments with sill estimates (GLS₁), (ii) calculated using the fourth-order moments with the theoretical sills (GLS₂), and (iii) based on an approximation using the correlation between semivariogram estimates in the case of spatial independence of the observations (GLS₃). The current algorithm for fitting the LMC by WLS while ensuring the positive semidefiniteness of sill matrix estimates is modified to include any least-squares procedure. A Monte Carlo study is performed for 16 scenarios corresponding to different combinations of the number of variables, number of spatial structures, values of ranges, and scale dependence of the correlations among variables. Simulation results show that the mean square error is accounted for mostly by the variance of the sill estimators instead of their squared bias. Overall, the estimated GLS₁ and theoretical GLS₂ are the most efficient, followed by the WLS procedure that is based on the number of pairs of observations and the average distance at each lag. On that basis, GLS₁ can be recommended for future studies using the LMC.     

地球空间信息学的机遇

从地球空间信息产业和地球空间信息技术发展的前景两个侧面阐述了美国劳工部把地球空间技术与纳米技术、生物技术一起确定为新出现的和正在飞速发展中的三大最重要的技术的原因 ,并分别从时空信息获取、加工、管理和服务 4个方面对地球空间信息未来的技术发展作了简要的叙述     

地理国情各要素之间套合关系检查要点分析

将地理国情普查工作中地表覆盖和地理国情要素两个重要成果之间的套合关系进行梳理,依据各项规定和生产实践经验,对重点问题进行整理和分析,明确了两者相互关系并提供一些有益的建议,为提高地理国情普查成果质量提供帮助。     

Effects of demand estimates on the evaluation and optimality of service centre locations

Public service systems, such as emergency health care, police or fire brigades, are critical for day-to-day functioning of the society. To design and operate these systems efficiently much data needs to be collected and properly utilised. Here, we use the OpenStreetMap (OSM) data to model the demand points (DPs), which approximate the geographical location of customers, and the road network, which is used to access or distribute services. We consider all inhabitants as customers, and therefore to estimate the demand, we use the available population grids. People are changing their location in the course of the day and thus the demand for services is changing accordingly. In this paper, we investigate how the used demand estimate affects the optimal design of a public service system. We calculate and compare efficient designs corresponding to two demand models, a night-time demand model when the majority of inhabitants rest at home and the demand model derived from the 24-hour average of the population density. We propose a simple measure to quantify the differences between population grids and we estimate how the size of differences affects the optimal structure of a public service system. Our analyses reveal that the efficiency of the service system is not only dependent on the placement strategy, but an inappropriate demand model has significant effects when designing a system as well as when evaluating its efficiency.     

Development of A Depth-Integrated Longshore Current Model with Unstructured Grids

A depth-integrated model for simulating wave-induced longshore current was developed with unstructured grids. Effects of surface roller and horizontal mixing under combined waves and currents were incorporated in the numerical model. Recommended values of model coefficients were also proposed based on sensitivity analysis. Field observations and three series of laboratory measurements including two cases conducted on the plane beach and one implemented on the ideal inlet were employed to examine the predictive capability of this model. For the field case and laboratory cases conducted on the plane beach, numerical results were compared favorably with the measured data. For the case with an ideal inlet, simulated circulation pattern is supposed to be reasonable although some deviations between numerical results and measured data still can be detected.     

黔北喀斯特型铝土矿勘探工程间距的选择——以苟江铝土矿区水井坎矿段Ⅱ矿体生产勘探为例

本文以苟江铝土矿水井坎矿段Ⅱ矿体用50×50m工程间距进行勘探与25×25m工程间距进行生产勘探后,对其矿体形态、厚度控制及储量变化进行对比分析,以探寻此类矿床勘探应如何选用工程间距,才能更合理地对矿体进行控制,满足生产设计的要求。