Standing Crops of Planktonic Ciliates and Copepod Nauplii in the Subarctic North Pacific and the Bering Sea in Summer

Abundances and biomasses of planktonic ciliates and copepod nauplii, major components of the microzooplankton community, were investigated in the subarctic North Pacific and the Bering Sea in summer of 1997. Their regional variation was illustrated by demarcating the entire area into five regions. Ciliates always predominated both in abundance (>94%) and biomass (>78%) over nauplii. Regional means of ciliates in the water column were higher in the Alaskan Gyre (120 × 10⁶ cells/m²) and the Western Subarctic Gyre (110 × 10⁶ cells/m²) in terms of abundance, and rich in the Bering Sea Gyre (360 mgC/m²) and the Western Subarctic Gyre (340 mgC/m²) in terms of biomass. By contrast, standing crops of ciliates were poor in the Oyashio Region (67 × 10⁶ cells/m²; 170 mgC/m²) and the Transition Region (64 × 10⁶ cells/m²; 160 mgC/m²). The values of biomass reported here are generally in agreement with the values reported previously from the Bering Sea Gyre and the Alaskan Gyre but are considerably higher than the previous value found in the Western Subarctic Gyre. No significant correlations could be found between chlorophyll a crop and standing crops of ciliates and copepod nauplii over the entire subarctic North Pacific and the Bering Sea during this summer.     

Seasonal variation in the community and size structure of nano- and microzooplankton in Gyeonggi Bay,Yellow Sea

To investigate the seasonal variation and community structure of nano- and microzooplankton in Gyeonggi Bay of the Yellow Sea, the abundance and carbon biomass of nano- and microzooplankton were evaluated at 10-day intervals from January 1997 to December 1999. Four major groups of nano- and microzooplankton communities were classified: heterotrophic ciliates, heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HDF), heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF), and copepod nauplii. The total carbon biomass of nano- and microzooplankton ranged from 10.2 to 168.8 μg C L⁻¹ and was highest during or after phytoplankton blooms. Nano- and microzooplankton communities were composed of heterotrophic ciliates (7.4–81.4%; average 41.7% of total biomass), HDF (0.1–70.3%; average 26.1% of total biomass), copepod nauplii (1.6–70.6%; average 20.7% of total biomass), and HNF (0.8–59.5%; average 11.5% of total biomass). The relative contribution of individual components in the nano- and microzooplankton communities appeared to differ by seasons. Ciliates accounted for the most major component of nano- and microzooplankton communities, except during summer and phytoplankton blooming seasons, whereas HDF were more dominant during the phytoplankton blooming seasons. The abundance and biomass of nano- and microzooplankton generally followed the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton. The size and community distribution of nano- and microzooplankton was positively correlated with size-fractionated phytoplankton. The carbon requirement of microzooplankton ranged from 60 to 83% of daily primary production, and was relatively high when phytoplankton biomass was high. Therefore, our result suggests that the seasonal variation in the community and size composition of nano- and microzooplankton appears to be primarily governed by phytoplankton size and concentration as a food source, and their abundance may greatly affect trophic dynamics by controlling the seasonal abundance of phytoplankton.     

胶州湾桡足类幼虫和浮游生纤毛虫的丰度与生物量

1997年9月，12月，1998年2月，4月，8月，11月以及1999年2月和5大以胶州湾采集桡足类幼虫和浮游生纤毛虫的样品，样品用Lugol‘s试剂固定（最后浓度1％），用显微镜计数桡足类幼虫和浮游生纤毛虫的丰度，并计算总生物量（表层生物量和水体生物量）。桡足类幼虫，无壳纤毛虫和砂壳纤毛虫的最大丰度分别为850ind/L(1998年8月），21300ind/L(1998年8月）和172ind／L(1999年5），表层的总丰度为10－22630ind/L，平均分布湾内比湾外多，表层纤毛虫和桡足类幼虫的总生物量为0．10－380.27ugC/L，水体的生物量为0．20－1426.02mgC/m^2.     

Variations of ion-transport enzyme activities during early development of the shrimps <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fenneropenaeus chinensis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Marsupenaeus japonicus</Emphasis>

The ion-transport enzyme activities were studied in the nauplii 1–2, zoea 1–3, mysis 1–3, and postlarva 1–7 of the shrimps Marsupenaeus japonicus and Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The results showed that total ATPase, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, and V-ATPase (V-type H⁺-ATPase) activities increased during the early development for both the species, from zero in nauplii to stable levels after zoea stage. The enzyme activities of the latter species were significantly higher than those of the former species after zoea stage (F>F _0.05). The contributions of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, V-ATPase and HCO₃ ⁻-ATPase to the total ATPase activity of the two species varied in different developmental stages and accounted for 40%–70%, 22%–46% and 2%–13% in M. japonicus from zoea to postlarva stage, whilst the shares of them were 42%–69%, 28%–44% and 2.5%–22%, respectively in F.chinensis. These findings suggest the possible culture of the two species with varying water quality, especially the salinity and pH.     

锯缘青蟹幼体饵料蛋白质的营养价值评价

本文分析测定了锯缘青蟹幼体从刚孵化至大眼幼体各发育阶段及其饵料轮虫和卤虫无节幼体的氨基酸组成，并使用必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)来评价饵料蛋白质的质量.结果表明，青蟹各期幼体的氨基酸组成基本趋于一致，且与饵料转换不存在明显的相关性.对于各期幼体，饵料轮虫和卤虫无节幼体的必需氨基酸指数均大于90，可以认为，轮虫和卤虫无节幼体能够满足锯缘青蟹幼体对饵料中必需氨基酸的营养需求.     

几种海洋抗污损化合物的单一与联合毒性效应评价

本文研究了目前广泛应用的防污涂料毒性添加剂3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea(Diuron)、2-methylthio-4-t-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine(Irgarol 1051)、triphenylborane pyridine(TPBP)、Zinc pyrithione(Zn-Pt)、Zinc bis(dimethyl thiocarbamate,Ziram)、Cu~(2+)的单一毒性和二元混合毒性.结果表明:对卤虫而言,6种化合物单一毒性按强弱排序为TPBPDiuronZiramCuSO_4Irgarol 1051Zn-Pt,它们对卤虫48 h的LC50分别为CuSO_49.1μg/cm~3、Diuron 8.0μg/cm~3、Irgarol 1051 12.0μg/cm~3、TPBP 0.07μg/cm~3、Zn-Pt 30.9μg/cm~3、Ziram 8.2μg/cm~3.对卤虫的二元联合毒性实验采用混合毒性指数法(MTI)评价,结果显示:共有8个组合具有协同效应,包括Irgarol 1051/Diuron、Irgarol 1051/TPBP、Irgarol 1051/Ziram、Irgarol 1051/Zn-Pt、Irgarol 1051/CuSO4、Diuron/TPBP、Ziram/CuSO_4以及Zn-Pt/CuSO_4.其中Irgarol 1051/Ziram组合的MTI值高达2.740,Zn-Pt/CuSO_4组合更高达5.621.发现8个协同效应组合中有5个和Irgarol 1051有关,表明Irgarol 1051在基于毒性的防污涂料配方中有其良好的适应性,但进入海洋环境的Irgarol 1051具有引起较强生物毒性的环境风险.另有5个组合Diuron/Zn-Pt、Diuron/CuSO_4、TPBP/Ziram、TPBP/ZnPt、Ziram/Zn-Pt表现为一定程度拮抗作用,应在防污涂料配制中尽量避免同时使用.     

Vertical distribution of barnacle larvae at a fixed nearshore station in southern California: Stage-specific and diel patterns

Patterns of vertical distribution in marine invertebrate larvae interact with coastal hydrodynamics to determine cross-shore distributions, dispersal ranges, and scales of connectivity among populations. We present observations on the vertical distribution of barnacle larvae from southern California, collected from 3 depth intervals every 2 h and over a 48-h period at a fixed nearshore station. Larvae were identified to species and stage of development, and their vertical distributions were tested for day/night and between-stage differences within each species, as well as for correlations with environmental variability. Stage-specific patterns of vertical distribution were distinct and consistent across species. Nauplii were most abundant near the surface at all times, and were numerically dominated by Chthamalus spp. (78% of N_n = 1835). Cyprids were substantially less abundant than nauplii in our samples (N_c = 146) and corresponded mostly to the subtidal barnacle Balanus nubilus (84%). Despite the lower counts and different species composition, our data suggest that cyprids remain within the mid-depth and bottom layers, and that changes in their mean depth of distribution (MDD) may track changes in pycnocline depth. Temporal changes in nauplii MDD were not correlated with water-column variability, wind forcing, or tidal height. The apparent vertical segregation of nauplii and cyprids may be related to previously documented differences in the cross-shore distribution of these stages.     

拟穴青蟹大眼幼体对卤虫的摄食率和摄食选择

研究了拟穴青蟹（Scylla paramam osain）大眼幼体在不同饵料密度和组合条件下对卤虫（Ar-tem iasp.）无节幼体及成体的摄食率、摄食节律等,发现：光照-视觉因素对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体捕食卤虫无节幼体的数量无显著影响,但对捕食卤虫成体的影响显著（p〈0.05）.饵料密度较低（如卤虫无节幼体密度〈10 ind/cm3）时,饵料密度与拟穴青蟹大眼幼体摄食率呈正相关;饵料密度较高时饵料密度变化对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体摄食率的影响不显著（p〉0.05）.禁食后投饵,在高饵料密度（如卤虫无节幼体密度≥10 ind/cm3）下拟穴青蟹大眼幼体的摄食率在短时间（如4 h）较高,随供饵时间的延续摄食率开始下降,较长时间（24 h）摄食率显著较低.以干重计,拟穴青蟹大眼幼体对卤虫成体的摄食率全面高于对卤虫无节幼体;但混合投喂卤虫无节幼体和成体时拟穴青蟹大眼幼体摄食的卤虫成体数量较少,表明在卤虫无节幼体和成体同时存在的情况下拟穴青蟹大眼幼体倾向于放弃卤虫成体捕食无节幼体.拟穴青蟹大眼幼体的摄食行为受到被捕食风险和饵料斑块分布的显著影响.育苗生产中对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体投喂卤虫无节幼体的密度无需高于10 ind/cm3.     

蛋氨酸和裂壶藻强化对卤虫体内游离氨基酸含量的影响

以卤虫(Artemia parthenogenetica)无节幼体作为试验材料,研究蛋氨酸或裂壶藻(Schizochytrium sp.)强化对卤虫体内游离氨基酸(FAA)含量的影响。试验分为4组,分别为蛋氨酸(Met)组、裂壶藻组、蛋氨酸加裂壶藻组以及对照组,试验进行16 h,每4 h取样1次。结果显示：试验结束时,蛋氨酸组的卤虫体内游离Met含量显著高于裂壶藻组(P<0.05)。除对照组的丝氨酸(Ser)、谷氨酸(Glu)、甘氨酸(Gly)含量显著高于蛋氨酸+裂壶藻组外(P<0.05),其他所有的必需氨基酸及非必需氨基酸含量在16h时都没有显著差异。试验过程中FAA水平随时间的变化趋势为：对照组和蛋氨酸组基本上呈现先减少再升高的趋势,且16 h和0 h的含量差别不大;裂壶藻组和蛋氨酸加裂壶藻组的卤虫,其体内FAA含量基本上呈下降趋势,或小幅升高后下降,16 h时的含量大多低于0 h时。试验结果表明：给卤虫无节幼体强化Met可以提高其体内Met含量,对其他种类的FAA影响不大。