SCALAR VARIATION AND NODAL ACCESSIBILITY IN THE CHINESE RAILROAD NETWORK

The effect of varying the scalar value in a powered connectivity matrix upon the measurement of nodal accessibilities is illustrated by reference to the railroad network in China. The degree of influence is demonstrated by estimating the effect of scalar variation on a model which is designed to predict the relative accessibility of thirty-nine cities within the network.     

城市道路复杂网络结构化等级分析

根据复杂网络理论提出了一种城市道路网结构化分析与结构等级建模方法。首先,根据城市道路链生成对偶图;然后,分析路网几何结构,对由城市道路链生成的对偶图进行中心性测度分析;集成各项结构指标进行道路等级建模,以保持各个指标的结构信息;最后,根据集成指标分析城市道路的结构重要性、划分道路等级并保持道路网的连通性。实验结果表明,通过所提方法进行的道路结构化等级分析能够反映道路网中包含的等级结构特征,而且与单一指标和现有的道路分级相比,集成各项结构指标后划分的道路等级能够更好地符合道路网固有的等级特点。     

长周期层序形成机制的探索:层序地层学进展之二

将不整合面所限定的地层单位定义为层序,赋予这种层序以"构造旋回"的概念;将"不整合面及其可以对比的整合面"所限定的地层单位定义为"沉积层序",简称为"层序",并将沉积层序的形成过程解释为海平面变化过程。如果将前者作为"构造层序",则这种层序代表了二级层序,新定义的"沉积层序"则属于三级层序。概念的调整和变化意味着层序存在一个级别或序次问题。地质学家长期研究的结果表明,海平面变化主要存在两种基本的驱动机制,一种是由于构造运动所造成的"洋盆体积"的变化,另一种是气候变化所造成的地球极地冰盖消长而最终产生的海水体积的变化;前者所造成的变化以周期长、速度慢为特征,被简称为"构造型海平面变化",后者所产生的变化则以高频率和高速率为特征,被简称为"冰川型海平面变化"。根据上述概念,显生宙可识别出两个一级旋回,并可以进一步划分为6个二级层序(Sloss模型)或13个二级层序(Vail模型),显生宙二级层序划分的差别反映了长周期层序形成机制研究的一些重要变化和进展。对长周期层序形成机制的研究,除了考虑地球本身的构造活动所造成的洋盆体积的变化以外,地质学家们还将一级旋回与银河年旋回对应、二级旋回与银道面旋回对应、三级旋回与奥尔特星系旋回对应起来进行更大范围的思考和探索,也为研究长周期层序形成的最终驱动机制提供了一个重要的思考途径。如果把对Exxon层序地层模式概念体系不协调的研究而产生的各种层序地层模式作为层序地层学的第1个进展,长周期层序形成机制的研究则可以作为层序地层学的第2个进展。包括:(1)把来自于显生宙的一些重要模型和概念应用到前寒武纪,由此在更长的时间框架内探索一级旋回与超大陆旋回的成因联系;(2)二级旋回与地球水圈和大气圈演变的成因关联;(3)进一步总结三级旋回的形成机制。追索这方面的进展,可以更加深入地理解当年Exxon科学家们将层序形成机制归因于海平面变化的初衷以及所包含的科学意义,从而有利于今后的深入研究。     

Changing Business Opportunities: The Geography Of Rapidly Growing Small U.S. Private Firms, 1982–1992*

The objective of this paper is to analyze the changing geography of the 500 fastest growing small, private companies, as defined by Inc magazine, in the United States from 1982 to 1992. The study focuses on rates of formation of these firms within types of metropolitan region, the impact of economic restructuring, and the locational dynamics of companies within the fastest growing economic sectors. Results suggest that there is little regional or hierarchical logic to the distribution of the firms, that the influence of economic restructuring is clearly evident, and that new rapidly growing high-technology firms are highly concentrated in San Francisco and Los Angeles, while higher-order service firms are dispersing down the urban hierarchy.     

The spatiality of multifunctional agriculture: A human geography perspective

Based on reconceptualisations of multifunctional agriculture as a normative spectrum of decision-making (strong to weak multifunctionality) bounded by productivist and non-productivist action and thought [Hollander, G.M., 2004. Agricultural trade liberalization, multifunctionality, and sugar in the south Florida landscape. Geoforum 35, 299-312; Holmes, J., 2006. Impulses towards a multifunctional transition in rural Australia: gaps in the research agenda. Journal of Rural Studies 22, 142-160; Wilson, G.A., 2007. Multifunctional Agriculture: A Transition Theory Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford], this paper argues that there is currently insufficient research into the geography of multifunctionality. Building on current human geography debates about issues of scale, the paper suggests that we should conceive of multifunctionality as a spatially complex nested hierarchy comprising different interlinked ’layers’ of multifunctional decision-making ranging from the farm level to the national and global levels. It suggests that the notion of multifunctional agriculture only makes sense if it is applied at the farm level as the most important spatial scale for the implementation of multifunctional action ‘on the ground’. Multifunctionality can be interpreted as having ’direct’ expression only at the ’lower’ geographical scales (i.e. farm, community and regional levels in particular) while the regional, national and global levels show ’indirect’ expressions of multifunctionality that are mediated by local level actors in order to find tangible expression on the ground. The notion of global-level multifunctionality is the most challenging, as this level lacks political and ideological coherence about the required directions necessary for implementation of strong multifunctionality pathways. The paper concludes by arguing that much work still awaits those investigating the spatiality of multifunctionality, in particular with regard to the question whether global-level strong multifunctionality is possible, or whether strong multifunctionality in one territory is predicated on weak multifunctionality in others.     

地质遗产的概念及其分类体系

为使地质遗产保护与利用工作逐步进入规范化、科学化,本文首先对地质遗产的内涵进行了界定,其次在对国内外代表性的地质遗产分类体系研究的基础上,提出了基于成因-可保护属性为分类依据的新的地质遗产分类方案.     

四川省生态旅游发展的层次与阶段

生态旅游是一项新的旅游活动、一项新的产业,是社会经济发展到一定阶段的产物。生态旅游的开发是一个循序渐进的过程,产业的发展存在着初级阶段、发展阶段和成熟阶段。结合四川社会经济发展水平和生态旅游资源分布规律,四川生态旅游形式应具有一定的时空特征,表现为时间上的阶段性和空间上的差异性,即在同一时期的不同地区或同一地区的不同发展阶段同时存在三种形式的生态旅游:泛生态旅游、准生态旅游、纯生态旅游。     

基于层次模型定量推理机制的潜水器故障诊断系统设计

基于智能信息处理故障诊断方法,描述和分析了用于潜水器一类的复杂动态系统。通过引入概率信息的方法对其推理机制进行量化,实现了诊断结果的精确度量以及诊断过程的精确控制;针对系统不同层次间的检测和诊断进程建立了信息交换和综合设计方法,提高了各模块的检诊能力和检诊效率,可以从总体上提高处理复杂故障情况的水平。