A linear Boltzmann equation to model wave scattering in the marginal ice zone

We present a linear Boltzmann equation to model wave scattering in the Marginal Ice Zone (the region of ocean which consists of broken ice floes). The equation is derived by two methods, the first based on Meylan et al. [Meylan, M.H., Squire, V.A., Fox, C., 1997. Towards realism in modeling ocean wave behavior in marginal ice zones. J. Geophys. Res. 102 (C10), 22981–22991] and second based on Masson and LeBlond [Masson, D., LeBlond, P., 1989. Spectral evolution of wind-generated surface gravity waves in a dispersed ice field. J. Fluid Mech. 202, 111–136]. This linear Boltzmann equation, we believe, is more suitable than the equation presented in Masson and LeBlond [Masson, D., LeBlond, P., 1989. Spectral evolution of wind-generated surface gravity waves in a dispersed ice field. J. Fluid Mech. 202, 111–136] because of its simpler form, because it is a differential rather than difference equation and because it does not depend on any assumptions about the ice floe geometry. However, the linear Boltzmann equation presented here is equivalent to the equation in Masson and LeBlond [Masson, D., LeBlond, P., 1989. Spectral evolution of wind-generated surface gravity waves in a dispersed ice field. J. Fluid Mech. 202, 111–136] since it is derived from their equation. Furthermore, the linear Boltzmann equation is also derived independently using the argument in Meylan et al. [Meylan, M.H., Squire, V.A., Fox, C., 1997. Towards realism in modeling ocean wave behavior in marginal ice zones. J. Geophys. Res. 102 (C10), 22981–22991]. We also present details of how the scattering kernel in the linear Boltzmann equation is found from the scattering by an individual ice floe and show how the linear Boltzmann equation can be solved straightforwardly in certain cases.     

南极普里兹湾夏季海冰边缘区内破碎海冰的分布特征

基于中国第21次南极考察中获得的69°00'S、76°24'E附近普里兹湾夏季海冰边缘区内破碎海冰的航拍照片,利用图像处理的方法从中提取了破碎海冰的若干几何参数,得到了海冰边缘区内随着与开阔水域距离增大,海冰面积、平均钳测直径等几何参数的变化规律。并按其尺寸的变化规律将海冰边缘区划分为边界区、过渡区和内部区三部分,其变化和波浪在冰边缘区中的衰减过程紧密相关。圆度的变化则说明海冰边缘区中海冰磨损最充分的地方是在冰间相互作用最明显的过渡区。另外,一种改进的幂函数分布和Weibull分布用来对破碎海冰尺寸的累积频率进行拟合,分布函数中各参数的变化情况很好的反映了海冰边缘区内破碎海冰的分布变化。其中,参数L_r随着与开阔水距离增加而增大(说明由于波能衰减导致可以出现的破碎海冰最大尺寸的增加);尺度参数L₀随着与开阔水距离增加而增大(反映了破碎海冰平均尺寸的增加以及由于波能的衰减而导致单位面积区域内尺寸较大的破碎海冰所占比例的增加);分布维数D随着与开阔水距离增加而减小(说明了由于波能的衰减导致破碎海冰所受约束条件的减弱);形状参数γ随着与开阔水距离增加而减小(说明了随着波能的衰减破碎海冰尺寸分布范围的增大)。     

基于气象要素的黄河宁夏段流凌密度预报模型

历史上,黄河宁夏段曾多次发生漫滩甚至决堤淹田等重大气象衍生次生灾害,带来严重损失,且大多发生在封河或开河过程中,流凌密度是判断开、封河的重要指标。本研究利用黄河宁夏段2008—2015年气象水文资料,对流凌密度与其前3~7天的气象要素进行多元线性回归和单要素曲线模拟,结果表明:利用气象要素资料开展流凌密度定量化预报可行,模型拟合度较高,可实现基于数值天气预报的黄河凌汛流凌密度预报业务。     

松花江流凌预报方法

为了充分开发、利用水利资源，在分析大气环流与流凌关系的基础上，采用统计方法，对松花江流凌进行了气候分析，确定了流凌与气象因子的关系，为航运局航道局提供航运决策，收到了明显的经济效益和社会效益。     

基于卫星图像的北极浮冰大小分布特征分析

随着全球气候变暖,海冰厚度逐渐变小,海冰面积逐渐缩小,开阔海域的面积越来越大,北极地区海冰也越来越容易受到海浪的侵袭导致浮冰发生破碎,加速海冰融化。因此在全球气候变暖的环境下,分析浮冰大小分布特征,对于研究北极海区的动量和热量收支有着重要意义,同时有助于改进现有的海冰模型。文中基于3种不同空间分辨率的卫星图像,利用限制增长法分析了2014年夏秋季转化季节波弗特海和楚科奇海的浮冰大小分布特征,所用的卫星图像包括Medea图像,RADARSAT-2图像以及Landsat 8图像,3种图像的空间分辨率分别为1 m,15 m和100 m。不同的空间分辨率为研究浮冰大小总体分布特征提供了一个广泛的数据基础,能够更充分地研究不同尺寸的浮冰大小分布。采用的限制增长法,能够自动识别并提取出浮冰,最终得到浮冰大小分布特征满足幂律分布形式,幂指数的范围在0.8~1.91之间,较大的浮冰对应的幂指数也相应较大,且随着远离海冰边界的距离,幂指数有增大的趋势。处于在夏秋转换季节,部分浮冰开始发生冻结,小尺度浮冰数量逐渐减少。     

Experimental Investigation on Breakup of Ice Floe on Waves

Experimental investigation of for floe breakup on waves by use of non-refrigerated breakablematerials has been carried out.The incident wave heights for breakup of ice floe with different lengths,andthe influence of rigidity on reflection and transmission coeffcients are discussed.The experimental resultsshow that the ratio of the ice floe length,L_i,to the wavelength,L,is one of the significant factor affectingthe minimum wave height to cause fracture of ice floe,and another key factor is the ratio of the ice floethickness,h_i and L_i.     

国家速滑馆动态高精度施工测量关键技术及应用

国家速滑馆建筑结构在空间上的不规则性、多样性、复杂性及超大规模给施工测量带来较大的难度,因此,加强对动态高精度测量技术的研究和应用,是实现施工过程各专业、各环节高精度搭接的重要基础。国家速滑馆动态高精度施工测量关键技术解决了不均匀作用力下大跨度马鞍形索网同步张拉困难的技术难题;突破了特大异形柔性结构屋顶预制、安装和调控精密测量关键技术,实现了精密工程测量从静态到动态、离散到连续的转变;形成了模型驱动的一测多用高密度网状排管表观形态高效测量新方法;解决了受阻或封闭环境长距离连续面超高精度地坪标高测量难题,有效指导了施工作业,为2022年冬奥会速滑项目的开展提供了保障。     

西昌市柳家河沟泥石流成因分析及防治

柳家河沟泥石流是近几年发生的较为典型的泥石流。通过遥感解译和野外调查,发现其发生主要受该区域地形地貌、降雨条件和物源条件影响。分析其运动特征,认为该柳家河沟依然存在发生较大型泥石流的可能。提出以拦加固为主,以防护为辅的防治方案。     

Thermohaline structure inhomogeneity associated with polynia at the northern margin of Emery Ice-shelf

Based on the hydrographic data in austral summer during the 22nd Antarctic Expedition of China(2005/2006),some features can be found about the northern margin of Emery ice shelf as follows.The heat content in the surface layer(0-50 m) at the eastern end and the western end of the ice-shelf margin is much higher than that at the middle.The upper mixing-layer depth and the seasonal thermocline depth at the middle of the ice-shelf northern margin are much shallower than those at the both ends.However there is much less difference between the middle and the ends in the bottom layer.The remote sensing photos show that the inhomogeneity in the surface-layer water is closely related to the spatial distribution of the floes and polynia in the area.     

Effects of sediment-induced stratification on floe breakup in an idealized tidal estuary: A numerical modelling study

Floe breakup dynamics are studied by a sediment transport numerical model in an idealized tidal estuary that has a constant water depth and rapid flocculation of cohesive sediments. The focus is placed on the effects of boundary layer stratification induced by a bottom nepheloid layer on floe breakup and size distribution in the water column. In a neutrally stratified estuary, the floe size distribution follows a parabolic function with maximum values at the surface and bottom. The sediment-induced stratification in the bottom boundary layer increases the median floe sizes. Furthermore, sediment-voided convection caused by the settling lutocline generates significant turbulent kinetic energy dissipation and reduces floe size at the depth where the convective mixing happens. Below that depth, a weak local maxima in the floe size is predicted due to presence of the lutocline. The effect of sediment-stratified bottom boundary layer on the floe breakup can be consistently approximated by a linear regression between the maximal floe size and flux Richardson number.