Amelioration of soil fertility by woody perennials in cropping fields: evaluation of three tree species in the semi-arid zone of Nigeria

Soil was sampled from cropping fields in radial patterns from beneathAcacia albida, Parkia bigloboza(Jacq.) Benth. andEucalyptus camaldulensisDehnh. near Zaria, Nigeria. Results of analysis show a significant coarsening of soil texture and a decrease in organic matter and cation exchange capacity with increasing distance from all three tree species at a depth of 0–15 cm. Concentrations of nitrogen and some exchangeable cations decreased significantly with increasing distance from beneath acacia and parkia, and soil pH decreased with increasing distance from eucalyptus. The implication of the results for land management are discussed in relation to increasing productivity and soil use sustainability.     

外来与乡土红树种间竞争十五年的群落现状与发展趋势

为了探究经过15年种间竞争后的外来无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)与乡土红树植物秋茄(Kandelia obovata)的群落现状与发展趋势,采用样方法对福建省厦门市同安湾典型红树林群落特征开展实地研究。结果表明:(1)无瓣海桑是无瓣海桑群落中的优势种,而秋茄仅在该群落北侧与无瓣海桑少量混交,秋茄+无瓣海桑群落为种植秋茄和无瓣海桑的茂密混交林;(2)调查幼苗天然更新情况中发现,在两个群落中秋茄均有幼苗自然生长,但均未发现无瓣海桑幼苗;(3)生长状况的调查发现,无瓣海桑长势较秋茄差,其倒伏数量和倒伏程度明显比秋茄严重;(4)无瓣海桑在秋茄+无瓣海桑群落中的生长状况优于在无瓣海桑群落,倒伏程度较轻。综上可见,无瓣海桑在福建省厦门市该研究样地及其周边更新成林和扩散困难,未有入侵秋茄群落的优势;无瓣海桑在风浪环境下,较秋茄更易出现倒伏和枯死等不可逆生长现象;红树林种植过程中采用"外来种+乡土种"的模式,可提高整个林分的抗风浪能力,但需注意种植布局规格的合理性,可避免外来速生快长种与乡土种紧邻混交产生较大的种间竞争,减小对乡土种生长的影响。     

广西涠洲岛滨海湿地潮下带海草、红树林与互花米草的分布和群落结构特征

系统报道了广西涠洲岛的潮下带海草、红树林以及互花米草的分布和群落结构特征.2019—2020年的调查结果表明,涠洲岛海草分布于南湾西侧,紧邻珊瑚礁区,面积4246 m2,为潮下带的生长形式,海草种类仅见卵叶喜盐草(Halophila ovalis);真红树植物有6种[红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)、海漆...     

南海诸岛外来地名的命名背景及其历史影响

19世纪中叶至20世纪30年代英美等国在我国南海海域的测绘活动,给这里的岛礁留下了一大批以英语为主的外语名称。文中论述了南海诸岛外来地名的命名背景及其对我国三次公布官方名称所产生的深刻影响,在总结历史教训的基础上,分析了当前处理南海地名问题的缺陷,提出了若干改进建议。     

黄河上游茨哈峡至积石峡段鱼类资源调查(2005-2010年)

2005-2010年对黄河上游茨哈峡至积石峡河段进行鱼类资源调查.结果表明,该河段分布有鱼类39种,分别隶属6目9科29属.鲤形目为主要类群,共2科8亚科20属27种,鲤科16属16种,鳅科4属11种;鲑形目2科3亚科4属5种;鲈形目2科2属4种;鲇形目、鳉形目、合鳃鱼目各1科1属1种.采集到鱼类36种,新增补鱼类7种(其中土著鱼类1种,外来鱼类6种).Margalef丰富度指数为0.692~1.753,香农威纳生物多样性指数为0.796~1.734,Shannon-Wiener改进指数为2.699~9.349,Wilhm改进指数为0.733~1.839,辛普森指数为0.406~0.764,Pielou指数为0.495~0.850.这表明该河段鱼类多样性不高,各样点间差异不显著,但不同水域渔获物组成存在一定的差异.本文对重要土著鱼类和外来鱼类的生态习性进行调查,并对鱼类资源衰退进行分析,提出了保护建议.     

First record of a wild population of the tropical snail Melanoides tuberculata in New Zealand natural waters

The thiarid snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774), native to the Middle East and East Africa, is recorded from the wild in New Zealand for the first time from a geothermally influenced stream at Golden Springs, near Taupo. Introduction was most likely the result of one or more releases from tropical aquaria, although the timing of release is uncertain. Specimens were collected at temperatures of 29.0 and 30.4°C, and survival at these sites is likely dependent on the elevated stream temperatures. The possible spread of this species to other habitats, and potential effects on native thermal water communities, are discussed.     

Invasive Spartina alterniflora-induced factors affecting epibenthos distribution in coastal salt marsh, China

Artificially introduced cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, rapidly colonized the intertidal flats of the Jiangsu coast, eastern China. The epibenthos on an intertidal flat invaded by S. alterniflora were studied, to identify how local epibenthos species react to an altered environment. Epibenthic samples and surficial sediment samples were collected along a shore-normal profile in 50 quadrats at ten stations across the Spartina salt marsh; and five control quadrats for a station located on the barren sandy-mud flat. The grain size parameters of the surficial sediments show that S. alterniflora altered the grain size gradient along the profile of the intertidal zone by trapping fine-grained sediments. Spartina alterniflora could inhabit lower elevations than indigenous salt marsh vegetation, thus creating larger areas of finer surficial sediments, which was suitable for not only native epibenthic species but also species which do not exist on the barren sandy-mud flat. Correlation analyses show that the epibenthos were sensitive to sediment grain size and type, on the invaded S. alterniflora salt marsh. Further, there was an interspecific relationship affecting the distribution of epibenthos. The results show that epibenthos preferred ecological niches, within the Spartina salt marsh, even in the same sampling station.