Overview of In - Situ Biodegradation and Enhancement

Microbial degradation technologies have been developed to restore ground water quality in aquifers polluted by organic contaminants effectively in recent years. However, in course of the degradation, the formation of biofilms in ground water remediation technology can be detrimental to the effectiveness of a ground water remediation project. Several alternatives are available to a remedial design engineer, such as Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) and in -situ bioremediation, Hydrogen Releasing Compounds (HRCs) barrier, Oxygen Releasing Compounds (ORCs) barrier etc. which are efficient and cost- effective technologies. Excessive biomass formation renders a barrier ineffective in degrading the contaminants, Efforts are made to develop kinetics models which accurately determine bio - fouling and bio - filn formation and to control excessive biomass formation.     

古—中生代之交的全球变化与生物效应

古—中生代之交是显生宙以来最大的一次生物绝灭期 ,其形成机制一直是地学界长期探讨的热点课题之一。地史重大转折期是地球内、外各圈层长期作用下 ,各种量变达到阀值 ,加之可能的外因激化 ,在短时间内以连锁反应形式相继质变 ,形成了全球变化 (包括生物绝灭 )的地球突变期。文中从可能的外因 (外星体撞击事件 )及内因 (岩石圈的变化 ,地球表层的变化和生物圈的变化 )两个方面探讨了古—中生代之交的全球变化与生物效应     

Summer light‐trap catches of adult Trichoptera in hill‐country catchments of contrasting land use,Waikato, New Zealand

The distribution of adult Trichoptera in light traps was investigated alongside nine streams draining catchments under native forest, pine forest, or pasture near Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between abundance, taxonomic richness, and community composition with respect to land use during summer, and to evaluate the use of adult Trichoptera compared with benthic invertebrates as potential bio‐indicators of the effectiveness of land‐management changes. Adult Trichoptera faunas alongside the native streams were dominated by Hydrobiosidae, Conoesucidae, and Helicopsychidae (each >10% of total Trichoptera numbers for at least two of the three sites), whereas Leptoceridae, Oeconescidae, and Hydrobiosidae were relatively abundant alongside at least two of the pine sites. Adult Trichoptera faunas at the pasture sites were strongly dominated by Hydroptilidae which made up 47–85% of numbers caught at all sites. The mean number of individuals and taxa caught in light traps increased from November to January and then declined in February for all land‐use types. Overall, total numbers and taxonomic richness of adult Trichoptera were significantly lower at the pine sites compared to the pasture or native sites. TWINSPAN classification of benthic invertebrates collected in November clearly differentiated sites based on land use for presence/absence and percentage abundance data. A similar pattern was evident for most sites when adult Trichoptera faunas were used for the four sampling dates combined, suggesting that light trapping has potential as a tool for bio‐monitoring.     

Bio‐geomorphic effects on tidal channel evolution: impact of vegetation establishment and tidal prism change

The long‐term (10–100 years) evolution of tidal channels is generally considered to interact with the bio‐geomorphic evolution of the surrounding intertidal platform. Here we studied how the geometric properties of tidal channels (channel drainage density and channel width) change as (1) vegetation establishes on an initially bare intertidal platform and (2) sediment accretion on the intertidal platform leads to a reduction in the tidal prism (i.e. water volume that during a tidal cycle floods to and drains back from the intertidal platform). Based on a time series of aerial photographs and digital elevation models, we derived the channel geometric properties at different time steps during the evolution from an initially low‐elevated bare tidal flat towards a high‐elevated vegetated marsh. We found that vegetation establishment causes a marked increase in channel drainage density. This is explained as the friction exerted by patches of pioneer vegetation concentrates the flow in between the vegetation patches and promotes there the erosion of channels. Once vegetation has established, continued sediment accretion and tidal prism reduction do not result in significant further changes in channel drainage density and in channel widths. We hypothesize that this is explained by a partitioning of the tidal flow between concentrated channel flow, as long as the vegetation is not submerged, and more homogeneous sheet flow as the vegetation is deeply submerged. Hence, a reduction of the tidal prism due to sediment accretion on the intertidal platform, reduces especially the volume of sheet flow (which does not affect channel geometry), while the concentrated channel flow (i.e. the landscape forming volume of water) is not much affected by the tidal prism reduction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超临界萃取／气相色谱—质谱测定油页岩中的生物标志物

采用超临界萃取 /气相色谱 -质谱技术测定了广东茂名油页岩中环己烷的链取代烃、甾烷、甾烯和藿烷等生物标志物 ,其分析结果与经典索式抽提和文献结果基本相符。该方法与索式抽提法相比简单、快速、无污染和危险 ,可用于油页岩等固体样品中生物标志物的分析     

显生宙全球气候变化与生物绝灭事件的联系

根据显生宙各地质时期全球气候敏感沉积物和生物地理单元数据库，显生宙（寒武纪至中新世）可识别出２４次全球范围内不同级别的气候变化事件。有些事件与全球生物事件有着密切的联系，而不少则并无重要联系，即使这两种事件发生的时间和规模上存在着明显的一致性，也并不一定就存在着因果关系。这２４次事件根据二者的一致性和不一致性，可归纳为两类：（１）早寒武世末（一致）；（２）晚寒武世末（不一致）；（３）早奥陶世末（Ｉｂｅｘｉａｎ末，不一致）；（４）奥陶纪末（一致）；（５）志留纪兰多维列世（不一致）；（６）志留纪文洛克世早期（不一致）；（７）志留纪文洛克世末（不一致）；（８）志留纪罗德洛世末（不一致）；（９）志留纪普利道里世末（不一致）；（１０）早泥盆世埃姆斯期初（不一致）；（１１）中泥盆世艾菲尔期末（一致）；（１２）中泥盆世吉维特期末（一致）；（１３）晚泥盆世弗拉斯期末（一致）；（１４）泥盆纪末（不一致）；（１５）早石炭世末（一致）；（１６）晚石炭世维斯发期末（一致）；（１７）早二叠世萨克马尔晚期（一致）；（１８）二叠纪末（一致）；（１９）早三叠世（一致）；（２０）中—晚三叠世（不一致）；（２１）早侏罗世赫塘期（不一致）；（２?     

冀东地区元古宙多金属硫铁矿矿床地质及其成矿作用

通过对冀东地区元古宙多金属硫铁矿床成矿构造环境背景、喷气沉积岩地球化学以及矿床中大量矿化嗜热微生物的发现与研究 ,以及采用分子生物学对沉积记录中的生物标志物的研究。得知冀东地区多金属硫铁矿的形成主要由海底喷气沉积与嗜热微生物富集成矿作用所致。运用海底喷气成矿热流体活动 嗜热微生物吸附与新陈代谢 多金属硫铁矿床形成的成矿理论 ,指导该区硫铁矿找矿工作已见成效。     

Fire intensity,slopewash and bio‐transfer of sediment in eucalypt forest,Australia

Sediment movement (slopewash and bio‐transfer), runoff, and organic matter movement (mainly leaf litter, ash and charcoal) were monitored on ten plots for a six‐month period following bushfires in eastern Australia in the 1990s. Plots were installed in areas which had experienced high, moderate and low intensity burns. Although between‐plot variability was high, slopewash and organic matter amounts were greatest on the intensely burnt areas, and progressively less on moderate and low intensity burns. In contrast, most leaf litter input from scorched leaf fall was derived from, and collected in, moderately burnt areas. Bio‐transfer of sediment (direct downslope surface movement produced by faunal activity) occurred mainly by ant mounding, and was more than ten times greater on moderately burnt areas than on plots having high or low intensity burns. Bio‐transfer accounted for approximately 36 per cent of total sediment collected, with this material being recorded least often and in smallest quantities on areas of high intensity burns. Bio‐transfer by ant mounding and animal scratchings contributed loose surface sediment for transport by overland flow, disproportionately increasing total sediment movement to plot aprons in areas of moderate intensity burns. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三相生物流化床处理啤酒废水

通过三相生物流化床处理啤酒废水的实验研究,探讨曝气量和水力停留时间对处理效果的影响,确定最佳曝气量为0.25 m³/h,最佳水力停留时间为1.5 h。在该实验条件下,COD_cr平均去除率在85％以上,生物浓度高达28.31 mg/L,生物膜活性强,同时反应器具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。     

The identification and comparison of the bio-elements of the penguin ornithogenic sediments sample from Davis Station and Great Wall Station

During CHINARE-22 in austral summer of 2005-2006, a lake sediment core named DG4, which is impacted by penguin droppings, was retrieved from a lake catchment in Gardner Island of Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. In this study, the concentrations of characteristic elements in the core, local bedrocks and fresh penguin guanos were determined. P, Se, F, S, As, Sr and Cu in DG4 were identified as the bio-element assemblage by R-clustering analysis and compared with those in the local bedrocks and fresh guanos, the results are similar to Y2 in Ardley Island, Antarctic Peninsula. On this basis, P and Se were identified as the optimum bio-elements in DG4 and F, P and S were identified in Y2, respectively. This work will provides the foundation for reconstructing the past penguin populations in Gardner Island of Vest- fold Hills, East Antarctica and comparing the penguin population dynamics between East Antarctica and Antarctic Peninsula.